菲德爾·卡斯特羅：中俄將開創人類歷史的新高峯
【編者按：普京和習近平日前出席了在巴西舉行的金磚國家領導人第六次會晤，先後訪問古巴並與菲德爾·卡斯特羅會晤。卡斯特羅在22日出版的古巴共產黨機關報《格拉瑪報》撰文，高度評價了與中俄兩國領導人會面以及金磚峯會取得的成果，並指出中俄應領導世界新秩序。全文如下，觀察者網張廣凱譯自《格拉瑪報》網站英文版，原題“It is time to know a little more about realities”。】
能在我們黨的機關報頭版刊文是一種榮譽，但我已經請求《格拉瑪報》的編輯部把我解放出來。因為我想要在文章中表達一些自己的觀點，而由於健康和時間的制約，這些觀點沒法事先向黨和國家的領導集體，比如説黨代會和全國人民政權代表大會(National Assembly of People’s Power)進行陳述。
眾所周知，在我們的時代，問題日益複雜，新聞總是以光速被生產出來。只要你想要並且還能夠學習一些新東西，在今天的世界上總是能夠做到。
人類是道德和盲目直覺的奇怪混合體。
當地時間7月22日，中國國家主席習近平在哈瓦那看望卡斯特羅
亞里士多德説，我們是政治動物，這是不無道理的。亞里士多德對人類思想的影響，或許比任何一位古代哲學家都要大。據説他共有200多部論著，但其中只有31部流傳下來。亞里士多德的老師柏拉圖，給後代留下了理想國這一著名的烏托邦概念，而他在敍拉古對這一概念的實踐，幾乎讓他付出了生命的代價。那些關於某個理念“好壞”的研究，後來都是以亞里士多德的《政治學》書題來命名。
反動派常常把馬克思和列寧描述成“理論家”，卻忽視了他們的烏托邦理念中還萌生了俄羅斯和中國這樣的國家，它們被視為能夠拯救人類的新世界領導者——如果帝國主義還沒有提前用一場罪惡的戰爭讓人類滅絕的話。
前蘇聯和整個社會主義陣營，包括中國和朝鮮，給我們提供了必須的物資和武器，幫助我們抵禦了美國這個有史以來最強大的帝國的封鎖。儘管擁有強大的力量，美國人半個世紀以來用盡恐嚇、海盜襲擊、劫持漁船等種種手段，擊沉我們的商船，在巴巴多斯上空擊落古巴航空的飛機，燒燬我們的學校，犯下無數的罪行之後，仍然無力消滅一個距離他們海岸只有幾英里的小國。當美國人用軍艦搭載着僱傭兵，試圖在第一時間入侵我們的國家，他們不到72個小時就遭到了失敗。此後，美國人組織和裝備起來的反革命團伙的破壞行為，又造成了我們數千名同胞的死傷。
當時，美國的佛羅里達州，是針對我們國家的敵對活動的大本營。而隨着時間的推移，北約國家和美國的拉丁美洲盟國也加入了經濟制裁的行列，後者在那個年代淪為帝國罪行的幫兇，撕裂了玻利瓦爾、何塞·馬蒂和成百上千愛國者所獻身於的拉丁美洲革命之夢。
我們小小的國家不僅像拉丁美洲和加勒比的許多國家一樣，被剝奪了獨立主權，遭受着剝削和壓迫，“命定擴張論”（觀察者網注：Manifest Destiny，19世紀鼓吹美國對外侵略擴張為天命所定的一種理論）還試圖把我們的島嶼變成美國領土的一部分。
在剛剛結束的福塔萊薩會議上，金磚國家組織通過了一項重要的宣言。
金磚組織提出加強同世界主要經濟體，尤其是G20成員的宏觀經濟合作，以此來鞏固世界經濟增長和穩定的前景。
它們簽署了組建金磚國家開發銀行的協議，致力於調動資源推動基礎設施建設項目，促進金磚國家和其他發展中國家的穩定發展。
這個銀行將會擁有1000億美元的授權資金，其中500億美元的初始注資由創始國平攤。該銀行首任理事會主席將由俄羅斯人擔任，首任董事會主席是巴西人，首任行長是印度人，總部則設在上海。
他們還簽署了建立金磚國家應急儲備的協議，初始資金1000億美元。
他們重申了對開放、透明、包容和非歧視性貿易政策，以及對世貿組織多哈回合談判的支持。
他們承認國有企業在經濟中的重要作用，也承認中小企業是就業和財富的創造者。
他們重申需要對聯合國包括安理會進行全面改革，使之更有代表性、合法性及更有效率，以更好地應對全球挑戰。
他們重申，譴責一切形式和表現的恐怖主義，無論發生在何地。他們嚴重關切敍利亞持續存在的恐怖主義和極端主義威脅，同時呼籲敍利亞各方致力於結束基地組織及其從屬團體或個人和其他恐怖組織策劃的恐怖行為。
他們強烈譴責在任何情況下使用化學武器的行為，歡迎敍利亞決定加入《禁止化學武器公約》。
他們重申致力於在聯合國相關決議、馬德里原則和《阿拉伯和平倡議》等普遍認可的國際法律框架下實現阿以衝突的全面、公正和持久解決，並支持儘早召開建立中東無核武器和其他大規模殺傷性武器國際會議。
他們重申探索和利用外太空應出於和平目的。
他們重申伊朗核問題只能通過談判方式解決，支持通過政治和外交途徑以對話方式解決問題。
他們對伊拉克局勢深表關切，強烈支持伊拉克政府克服危機、維護主權和領土完整的努力。
他們對烏克蘭局勢深表關切，呼籲開展全面對話，防止衝突升級，呼籲所有相關各方保持克制，以和平方式尋找政治解決方案。
他們譴責一切形式和表現的恐怖主義，指出聯合國應根據包括《聯合國憲章》在內的國際法，在尊重人權和基本自由的基礎上，在協調打擊恐怖主義的國際行動方面發揮中心作用。
他們認識到氣候變化是人類面臨的最大挑戰之一，呼籲各國在《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》有關決定基礎上，在2015年前完成有關談判，根據公約原則和規定，特別是符合共同但有區別的責任及各自能力的原則，形成一份在公約框架下適用於所有締約方的議定書、其他形式的法律文書或具有法律效力的商定成果。
他們認識到教育對於可持續發展和包容性增長的戰略重要性，強調文化和可持續發展之間的聯繫。
下一屆金磚峯會將於2015年7月在俄羅斯召開。
當地時間7月11日，俄羅斯總統普京在訪問古巴期間看望卡斯特羅
這看上去不過是西方新聞機構經常報道的眾多共識中最新的一個，然而，其意義是明顯和重要的：美國在拉丁美洲製造的不平等體系，是這個星球上最為嚴重的。他們在拉美享受着跨國的財富、廉價的原材料供應、商品傾銷市場，這裏也成為各國金錢資本的目的地。
沒有人能夠找到一個辦法，來滿足今天市場的胃口，儘管沒有人能夠否認，人類正在朝着一個比過去一切所知時代都更公平的方向發展。
歷史上的罪行是令人厭惡的，但今天最重要的是，在不久的將來這個全球化的世界上將會發生什麼。
人類如何才能擺脱無知，獲得基本的食物、醫療、教育、住房、安全、有尊嚴的就業和公平的薪水？在這個宇宙的不起眼的小角落裏，這些就是最重要的事情。如果説思考這些問題有什麼意義的話，那就是實實在在地保證人類的高貴。
就我個人看來，我毫不懷疑習近平主席和普京總統在回到地球的另一面之後，將會帶領兩個國家開創人類歷史的新高峯。
金磚國家在2014年7月15日發表的福塔萊薩聲明，呼籲其他國家的更大程度參與，尤其是那些致力於自身發展的國家。他們希望推動各國人民的團結協作，尤其是南美洲人民。金磚國家的聲明中用顯著的段落提到了這一點，認識到南美國家聯盟在促進區域和平和民主、實現可持續發展和消除貧困方面的重要作用。
我已經説的夠多了，儘管鑑於這一事件的範圍和重要性，還有一些重要的問題需要得到回應。
我想在今後的幾天內，對於金磚峯會的重要性將會有更嚴肅的分析。我只需要再説一句，巴西、俄羅斯、印度、中國和南美的人口加起來，已經佔據了全世界的一半。在幾十年後，中國的GDP將會超過美國。很多國家都在用人民幣交易而拒絕美元——不僅僅是巴西，還包括拉美的其他幾個重要國家，它們的大豆和穀物產量足以同美國競爭。在科學技術和經濟發展上，俄羅斯和中國能夠給南美和加勒比國家做出決定性貢獻。
重大的歷史事件都不是在一夜間發生的。我們已經可以看到日益增長的複雜性所帶來的巨大挑戰。中國和委內瑞拉簽署了38項協議。現在是時候瞭解一下現實了。
翻頁見英文原文：
I have asked the editors of Granma to relieve me of the honor of publishing what I write on the front page of the official organ of our Party, since I am thinking of expressing personal points of view on issues which, for obvious reasons of health and time, I have not been able to present in the collective leadership bodies of the Party or state, such as Party Congresses or pertinent meetings of the National Assembly of People’s Power.
In our era, problems are increasingly more complex and news is produced at the speed of light, as many know. Nothing happens today in our world, which does not teach something to those of us who wish, and are still able, to understand new realities.
The human being is a strange mixture of blind instinct, on one hand, and conscience, on the other.
We are political animals, as, not without reason, affirmed Aristotle, who perhaps influenced humanity’s thinking more than any other ancient philosopher through his almost 200 treatises, according to reports, of which only 31 have been preserved. His teacher was Plato, who left for posterity his famous utopia about the ideal state, which in Syracuse, where he tried to apply it, almost cost him his life. His Political Theory has endured as a designation used to describe ideas as good or bad. Reactionaries often describe both Marx and Lenin as theorists, without taking into consideration that their utopias inspired Russia and China, the two countries called upon to lead a new world which will allow for human survival, if imperialism does not first unleash a criminal, exterminating war.
The Soviet Union, the socialist camp, the People’s Republic of China and North Korea helped us resist, with essential supplies and weapons, the implacable blockade of the United States, the most powerful empire ever to exist. Despite its immense power, it has not been able to squash the small country which has, a few miles off its coasts, for more than half a century, withstood its threats, pirate attacks, the hijacking of fishing boats and sinking of merchant ships, the in-flight destruction of a Cubana Airlines airplane over Barbados, the burning of schools and other similar misdeeds. When it attempted to invade our country with mercenary forces in the vanguard, transported by U.S. warships as the first wave, it was defeated in less than 72 hours. Later, counterrevolutionary bands organized and equipped by the U.S. committed acts of vandalism which led to loss of life and injury to thousands of compatriots.
The largest base of operations for activities against our country, which existed at that time, was located in the state of Florida. Over the course of time, the economic blockade was extended to other NATO countries and other Latin American allies, who during those first years were accomplices to the empire’s criminal policy which lacerated the dreams of Bolívar, Martí and hundreds of other great patriots of irrepressible revolutionary conduct in Latin America.
Our small country was not only denied our right to be an independent nation, like any other among the many in Latin America and the Caribbean, exploited and sacked by them. On the contrary our homeland’s right to independence would be stripped, and manifest destiny would fulfill its task of annexing our island as part of the United States of America’s territory.
During the recently concluded meeting in Fortaleza, an important declaration was approved by the countries which comprise the BRICS group.
The BRICS propose greater macroeconomic coordination among the principal economies, in particular the G-20, as a factor fundamental to the strengthening of prospects for effective and sustainable recovery around the world.
They announced the signing of an accord to constitute the New Development Bank with the goal of mobilizing resources for infrastructure projects and sustainable development in BRICS countries, and others which are emerging or developing.
The bank will have an initial authorized capital of 100 billion dollars. The initial capital agreed upon will be 50 billion dollars, in equal parts from the founding members. The first president of the Board of Governors will be Russia. The first president of the Administrative Council will be Brazil. The first president of the Bank will be India. The Bank headquarters will be in Shanghai.
They also announced the signing of a treaty to establish a common currency reserves fund for contingencies, with an initial size of 100 billion dollars.
Support was reaffirmed for a multilateral system of open, transparent, inclusive, non-discriminatory trade; as well as for the successful conclusion of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Doha Round.
They recognize the important role which state enterprises play in the economy, as well as small and medium sized companies, as creators of employment and wealth.
They reaffirm the need for comprehensive reform of the United Nations, including its Security Council, with the goal of making it more representative, effective and efficient, so that it can respond appropriately to global challenges.
They reiterated condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, wherever it might occur, and expressed their concern about the continuing threat of terrorism and extremism in Syria, while at the same time called upon all Syrian parties to commit to putting an end to terrorist acts perpetrated by Al-Qaeda, their affiliates and other terrorist organizations.
They strongly condemned the use of chemical weapons under any circumstances, and welcomed the decision by the Arab Republic of Syria to adhere to the Convention on Chemical Weapons.
They reaffirmed their commitment to contribute to a just and lasting global solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict, based on the universally recognized legal framework, which includes pertinent United Nations resolutions, the Madrid principles and the Arab Peace Initiative, and expressed support for the convocation, as soon as possible, of a conference to establish a zone free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East.
They reaffirmed their desire that the exploration and utilization of outer space be for peaceful purposes.
They reiterated that there is no alternative to a negotiated solution to the Iranian nuclear question, and reaffirmed their support for its solution via political and diplomatic channels.
They expressed concern for the situation in Iraq, and supported the Iraqi government in its efforts to overcome the crisis, defend its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.
They expressed concern for the situation in Ukraine and issued a call for broad dialogue, abatement of the conflict, and moderation on the part of all parties involved, with the goal of finding a peaceful political solution.
They reiterated their firm condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and pointed out that the United Nations has a central role to play in the coordination of international action against terrorism, which must be conducted in accordance with international law, including the United Nations Charter, and with respect for human rights and fundamental liberties.
They recognized that climate change is one of the greatest challenges confronting humanity, and issued a call to all countries to act on the decisions adopted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), looking to reach, by 2015, a successful conclusion of the negotiations to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed-upon document with legal force under the Convention, applicable to all parties, in accordance with the principles and dispositions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common responsibility, although differentiated and in accordance with respective capacities.
They affirmed the strategic importance of education for sustainable development and inclusive economic growth, and emphasized the links between culture and sustainable development.
The next BRICS Summit will be held in Russia, in July, 2015.
It might seem that this is but one more agreement among the many constantly appearing in cables released by the major Western news agencies. Nevertheless, the meaning is clear and emphatic: Latin America is the geographic area in the world where the United States has imposed the most unequal system on the planet, enjoying of its internal riches, a supply of cheap raw materials, a market for its merchandise, and has been the recipient of its gold and funds which escape their respective countries and are invested by U.S. companies in the country, or any other place in the world.
No one has ever found a response to satisfy the demands of the existent market we know today, although no one can doubt that humanity is moving toward a stage which will be more just than the human society we have known to date.
The abuses committed throughout history are repugnant. Today what is valued is what will happen on our globalized planet in the near future.
How can human beings escape the ignorance, the lack for basic resources for food, heath, education, housing, dignified employment, security and fair compensation. What is most important, must be this or not possible, in this miniscule corner of the universe. If meditating on this is of any use, it is to guarantee in reality the supremacy of human beings.
On my part, I do not have the slightest doubt that when President Xi Jinping completes the activities in his tour of this hemisphere, as did Vladímir Putin, President of the Russian Federation, both countries will be culminating one of the greatest feats of human history.
The BRICS statement approved July 15, 2014 in Fortaleza advocates for greater participation by other countries, especially those struggling for their development, with a view toward promoting cooperation and solidarity with the peoples, and specifically with those of South America, pointing out in a significant paragraph that the BRICS particularly recognize the importance of the South American Union (Unasur) in the promotion of peace and democracy regionally, in the achievement of sustainable development, and the eradication of poverty.
I have already been extensive enough, despite the fact that the range and importance of the issue demand analysis of important questions which require some response.
I thought that in subsequent days there would have been a little more serious analysis of the importance of the BRICS Summit. It would be enough to add up the inhabitants of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa to understand that, at this time, they amount to half of the world’s population. In a few decades, China’s Gross Domestic Product will surpass that of the United States. Many states are already requesting yuan and not dollars, not only Brazil, but several of the most important in Latin America, whose products like soy and corn compete with those of the United States. The contribution which Russia and China can make to science, technology and the economic development of South America and the Caribbean is decisive.
The great events of history are not forged in a day. Enormous tests and challenges of increasing complexity are on the horizon. Between China and Venezuela, 38 agreements were signed. It is time to know a little more about realities.