美媒《赫芬頓郵報》全文刊登魯煒在華盛頓演講

【美赫芬頓郵報刊載魯煒在第七屆中美互聯網論壇上的主旨演講。】

如今，中美網絡關係已成為中美新型大國關係的重要內容，很大程度影響着兩國的未來。新時期的中美網絡關係，總體向好、穩步向前，但前進途中時有坎坷，主要呈現兩大特徵：

**一是深度融合、利益攸關。**中美兩國在網絡空間你中有我、我中有你，已經成為密不可分的發展共同體、利益共同體、命運共同體。中國是美國互聯網企業的最大境外市場，幾乎所有的美國知名互聯網企業都在華享有鉅額收益，高通公司一半利潤來自中國，蘋果設備新增用户一半來自中國，美國有近千家投資基金把中國作為重點，觸角遍佈中國互聯網各領域，佔外資投入的一半以上，美國企業的興衰與中國市場緊緊相連。

美國是中國互聯網企業境外上市的主要目的地，中國互聯網企業在美上市近50家，總市值近5000億美元，美國股民分享了中國互聯網市場發展的紅利。最近，阿里巴巴在美上市，創造了全球史上最大規模的IPO，融資總額超過250億美元，有專家分析認為，美國股民投給阿里巴巴的不僅僅是資金，更是對中國互聯網的信心、對中國市場的信心、對中國未來的信心。

**二是存在分歧、時有摩擦。**正是因為中美互聯網融合得越來越深，交流得越來越廣，聯繫得越來越緊，我們的不同點才容易被放在放大鏡和聚光燈下，加上文化的差異，一些問題自然就出現了分歧。比如，在網絡空間治理上，美方講“多利益相關方”，中方講“多邊”。（觀察者網注：赫芬頓郵報對此解讀為——“多利益相關方”是指所有網絡參與者在平等基礎上制定規則，更加“以人為本”；“多邊”是指國家代表本國公民，根據民族國家主權制定規則。）

這本來並不矛盾，沒有“多邊”，哪來“多利益相關方”的那個“方”呢？因為概念的不同而刻意誇大分歧，不僅無益於中美網絡關係，也無益於世界互聯網的共治和發展。

深度融合，因為充滿信心；存在分歧，説明缺乏信任。有信心，卻缺信任，這是當前中美網絡關係中躲不開、繞不過的問題。

縱觀20年中美互聯網行業交流發展史，雙方儘管存在一些分歧，但是可以得出以下基本判斷：我們在網絡空間共識大於分歧，合作多於爭端。

習近平主席指出，志同道合是夥伴，求同存異也是夥伴。我們可以有分歧，但我們不能沒有溝通；我們可以有爭論，但我們不能沒有信任。我們不能被亂花迷眼，也不能被浮雲遮眼，而要端起歷史規律的望遠鏡去細心觀望。我們應當看到，中美兩國合則兩利，而且是多方獲益；鬥則兩傷，甚至是傷害世界。

互聯網應給人類帶來和平和安全，讓互聯網不給犯罪和恐怖主義提供渠道，讓互聯網有助於未成年人健康地成長，讓互聯網更多服務發展中國家的利益，因為他們更需要互聯網，這也正是互聯網發展的要義。我們應當看到，互聯網把世界變成了地球村。大交流、大發展、大融合是時代的潮流，共享共治是歷史的選擇。

為了共同的美好未來，我們願與大家分享五點主張：

一、彼此欣賞而不是互相否定。

互聯網誕生於美國，從美國走向世界，這是美國為人類進步做出的重大貢獻。中國是全球最大的互聯網市場，有400萬家網站，6億多網民，世界互聯網企業前10強中國有4家，今年僅電子商務交易額一項預計將達到2萬億美元，而且還將以每年30%的速度增長。

幾天前，我在網上看到百度、阿里巴巴、京東等公司的三季度財報，營業收入增幅均超過50%，這樣的增幅在全世界都是少有的。如此巨大的成就，充分説明中國的互聯網是開放的，説明中國的管理是有序的。

這也説明中國的改革開放是成功的，説明中國人民選擇的中國道路是正確的，説明中國共產黨的領導是堅強有力的。我們不僅需要為相同而歡呼，更需要因不同而互鑑，各美其美，美人之美，美美與共，欣賞對方的優點，借鑑彼此的經驗，而不是去否定對方、改變對方。

二、互相尊重而不是對立指責。

國無大小，都是平等的。在網絡空間，應當彼此尊重網絡主權，彼此尊重對互聯網治理模式的選擇，彼此尊重在網絡領域的重大關切，彼此尊重在網絡文化上的差異，深入溝通，增進理解，擴大共識。20年來，中國互聯網發展的實踐證明，凡是在中國取得成功的外國企業，無一例外地尊重中國的市場環境，無一例外地遵守中國的法律法規。特別是美國企業在華髮展的鮮活案例告訴我們，尊重中國的法律，就能把握機遇，深深融入中國互聯網創新發展的洪流，創造出無限的價值；選擇了對立，就會偏離軌道，把自己孤立起來，最終被中國市場所拋棄。

三、共享共治而不是獨善其身。

習近平主席提出，要建立多邊、民主、透明的國際互聯網治理體系，共同構建和平、安全、開放、合作的網絡空間。這已成為國際網絡空間治理的重要共識。

大國之大，不是權力之大，而是責任之大。網絡空間也許不會因為大國之間的和睦而和睦，但一定會因為大國之間的不信任，而亂象叢生、混亂不堪。作為負責任的大國，決不能為了自身發展而遏制別國發展，決不能為了自身安全而侵犯別國安全。而且，離開了國際網絡空間的安全和發展，任何國家的絕對安全、一枝獨秀也都是不存在的。只要我們登高望遠，熱情擁抱網絡空間共享共治的新時代，我們就一定能夠把發展的多樣性，轉化為推動世界互聯網發展的無窮活力和強大動力。

四、溝通互信而不是相互猜疑。

中國是全球網民最多的國家，我們更清楚和平安全的網絡空間是多麼可貴；中國是網絡攻擊的主要受害國，我們更明白網絡安全是多麼重要。中國政府一貫反對任何形式的網絡攻擊。

在網絡安全問題上，中美應更多地溝通，更多地互信，共同打擊網絡犯罪、網絡攻擊、侵犯隱私等行為，共同保護知識產權，嚴厲打擊網絡恐怖主義，讓互聯網成為阿里巴巴的寶庫，而不是潘多拉的魔盒。我堅信，只要我們拿出智慧和勇氣，網絡安全不僅不會成為中美關係的分歧點，而且會成為中美合作的新亮點。

五、合作共贏而不是零和博弈。

中國互聯網發展的20年，是與美國互利共贏、融合共生的20年。中美互聯網在市場規模、運營機制、技術水平、人才培養等方面存在差異，但差異不能成為合作的障礙。正是因為我們有廣泛的差異性，我們才擁有更強的互補性，我們才擁有合作共贏的無限可能。

當最大的發達國家與最大的發展中國家互信合作，當最現代的西方文明與最悠久的中華文化相互碰撞，當最先進的信息技術與最廣闊的網絡市場水乳交融，中美互聯網領域的合作前景一定比太平洋還要寬廣！

（點擊下一頁查看英語原文）

Cyber Sovereignty Must Rule Global Internet

Lu Wei

China-U.S. relations in the field of the Internet is now an important component of the new model of major power relationship. To a great extent, the Internet will decide the future of both countries. As it is now, the relationship is generally positive and making progress in a steady manner in spite of hurdles. The relationship displays two features:

First, deep fusion and high stakes. China and the U.S. have never been so closely interconnected as they have become in cyberspace. China is the biggest overseas market for U.S. Internet companies. Almost all leading U.S. Internet companies have made great profits in China. For instance, half of the profit of Qualcomm is realized in China; half of the new users of Apple products come from China. Nearly a thousand U.S. investment funds have designated China as their priority, reaching to every corner of the Chinese Internet market, accounting for more than half of their total overseas investment in this field. The success or failure of some U.S. companies is closely related to the Chinese market.

The U.S. is the main overseas IPO destination for Chinese Internet companies, almost 50 of which are listed in the U.S. with a total market value of nearly U.S. $500 billion. U.S. shareholders have benefited from the development of the Internet market in China. Not long ago, the IPO of Alibaba in the U.S., the largest IPO ever in the world, raised over U.S. $25 billion. Experts believe that the investments made by U.S. shareholders in Alibaba demonstrates they have great confidence in the Chinese Internet, the Chinese market and the future of China.

Second, disagreements and frictions still exist. It is because of the deeper integration, more extensive exchanges and closer contacts between the Internet industries of China and U.S. that our differences are easily put under magnifying glasses and spotlights -- not to mention we also have the impact of cultural differences. Disagreements on certain issues thus understandably rise. For example, with regard to the cyberspace governance, the U.S. advocates “multi-stakeholders” while China believes in “multilateral.” [“Multi-stakeholder” refers to all Internet participants on an equal footing making the rules and is considered more “people-centered” while “multilateral” refers to the state making the rules based on the idea of the sovereignty of the nation-state representing its citizens.]

These two alternatives are not intrinsically contradictory. Without “multilateral,” there would be no “multi-stakeholders.” Exaggerating our disagreements due to difference in concepts is neither helpful to the China-U.S. Internet relations nor beneficial to global governance and the development of the Internet.

Our deep integration is because of confidence, but our disagreements are due to lack of trust. Confidence without trust is the unavoidable issue of the current China-U.S. Internet relations.

Looking back at the 20 years’ history of exchanges and development between the Internet industries of China and U.S., despite the disagreements that still exist, we can make the following judgments: our consensus is greater than our disagreements and our cooperation is more important than disputes.

President Xi Jinping has pointed out that those who share the same idea and follow the same path can be partners, and those who seek common ground while reserving differences can also be partners. We can have disagreements but we must not stop communication. We can have arguments but we must not discard trust. We should not be confused or blinded by chaotic situations. Instead, we should look carefully at the issues with a historic perspective. We should see that cooperation between China and the U.S. benefits our two countries as well as other countries, while confrontation can only hurt both sides and even the world at large.

It is the essence of the development of the Internet that the Internet should bring peace and security to humans, should deny access to criminals and terrorists, should help younger generations to grow in health and should also serve the interests of developing countries since they need the Internet more than others. We should realize that the Internet has turned the world into a global village. Big convergence, great development and deep fusion are the trends of this era, and co-sharing and co-governance are the choices of the history.

In this spirit, I therefore put forward five propositions:

1. First, mutual appreciation instead of mutual negating.

The Internet was invented in the U.S. and then spread across the world, which is a great U.S. contribution to human development. China is the world’s largest Internet market with over four million websites, 600 million Internet users and four of the world’s top 10 Internet companies. Trade via e-commerce is expected to reach 200 million U.S. dollars in China this year and will keep growing at 30 percent a year.

Chinese Internet companies Baidu, Alibaba and Jindong all reported more than 50 percent increase in their 2014 third quarter revenue, which is really rare growth in the Internet industry. These achievements are a demonstration of the openness and good governance of China’s Internet industry.

They are also testimony to the success of China’s reform and opening up, of the development path chosen by the Chinese people, and the leadership of the Chinese communist party. We should not only cheer for our common ground, but also learn from each other’s merits and experiences, rather than negating each other.

2. Second, mutual respect instead of confrontation and accusation.

All countries, big or small, should be equal. We should respect each other’s cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, major concerns and cultural differences. We should strengthen communication, increase understanding and broaden consensus. The success of the Internet in China over the past 20 years shows that successful foreign companies in China respect China’ s market environment and abide by China’s law and regulations. U.S. companies operating in China show that those who respect the Chinese law can seize the opportunity of China’ s Internet innovation and create immense value, while those who chose opposition will be isolated by themselves and finally abandoned by the Chinese market.

3. Third, mutual governance instead of self-interest.

President Xi has called for a multilateral, democratic and transparent international Internet governance system that upholds peace, security, openness and cooperation of cyberspace. That is the common consensus of international cyberspace governance.

“No country can achieve absolute security without the overall security of international cyberspace.”

The gauge of a great country is not its power, but its responsibility. Peace between major countries may not result in a peaceful cyberspace, but distrust will definitely bring chaos. A responsible major country should never restrain others for its own development, or infringe on other countries’ security to protect its own security. No country can achieve absolute security without the overall security of international cyberspace. As long as we take a long-term view and prepare for a new era of shared governance, we can translate the diversity of development into the driving force of world Internet development.

4. Fourth, mutual trust instead of mutual suspicion.

As the nation with the most Internet users in the world, China knows all too well the value of a peaceful cyberspace. As the main victim of hacking, China understands too well the importance of security. Our government has always opposed all forms of Internet attack.

On the issue of cybersecurity, China and the U.S. should increase communication, deepen mutual trust, fight cybercrime, terrorism, hacking and invasions of privacy together, and jointly protect intellectual property rights, making the Internet as the treasure trove of Alibaba rather than a Pandora’ s box. With wisdom and courage, cybersecurity will not become a source of conflict in Sino-U.S. relations, but a new bright spot of cooperation.

5. Fifth, win-win instead of zero-sum.

The development of China’s Internet over the past 20 years resulted in mutual benefit, a win-win situation and integration with the United States. Between China and the U.S. Internet industry, there are differences in terms of market volume, operational mechanisms, technology and training. These differences should not be obstacles. It is precisely through these differences that we can complement each other and create all kinds of possibilities for cooperation and mutual benefits.

When the largest developed country and largest developing country cooperate; when modern Western civilization interacts with long-standing Chinese culture; when the most advanced information technology is applied in the largest Internet market -- the scope for cooperation between China and the U.S. will definitely be wider than the Pacific Ocean.