這組數據顯示中國對世貿組織貢獻巨大_風聞

**遵循世貿組織規則是包括中國在內的所有國家尋求發展和繁榮的關鍵。**經濟全球化幫助發展中國家十億以上的人口擺脱貧困，國際貿易則強力支撐着發達國家人民的生活水平日益提高。

西方著名的諮詢公司牛津經濟研究院近期的一份報告顯示，購買進口自中國的產品每年可為每個美國家庭節省約850美元。針對美國政府近期威脅將向歐盟以及中國、印度、加拿大、墨西哥等國加徵關税之舉，中國國務院新聞辦公室發佈的《中國與世界貿易組織》白皮書可謂恰逢其時。中國2001年加入世貿組織以來國際貿易的進展充分證實了白皮書的精準結論。

《中國與世界貿易組織》白皮書

在分析世貿組織時，白皮書指出：“以世貿組織為核心的多邊貿易體制是國際貿易的基石，是全球貿易健康有序發展的支柱。”

在談到中國的立場時，白皮書指出：“中國積極踐行自由貿易理念。”維護世貿規則的權威性不僅符合其他國家的利益，也符合中國的自身利益，因此，中國“全面參與世貿組織工作，為共同完善全球經濟治理髮出中國聲音、提出中國方案，是多邊貿易體制的積極參與者、堅定維護者和重要貢獻者。中國加入世貿組織既發展了自己，也造福了世界。”

白皮書詳細闡述了中國為維護和加強世貿組織的權威性所做的努力，它指出，“加入世貿組織後，大規模開展法律法規清理修訂工作，中央政府清理法律法規和部門規章2300多件，地方政府清理地方性政策法規19萬多件，覆蓋貿易、投資和知識產權保護等各個方面。2014年，制訂進一步加強貿易政策合規工作的政策文件，要求各級政府在擬定貿易政策的過程中，對照世貿組織協定及中國加入承諾進行合規性評估。”

事實勝於雄辯。鑑於各國對中國的進口現狀都很關注，白皮書列舉大量數據進行了詳細闡述。“大幅降低進口關税。減少進口成本，促進貿易發展，讓世界各國更多分享中國經濟增長、消費繁榮帶來的紅利。截至2010年，中國貨物降税承諾全部履行完畢，關税總水平由2001年的15.3％降至9.8％。其中，工業品平均税率由14.8％降至8.9％；農產品平均税率由23.2％降至15.2％，約為世界農產品平均關税水平的四分之一，遠低於發展中成員56％和發達成員39％的平均關税水平。農產品的最高約束關税為65％，而美國、歐盟、日本分別為440％、408％、1706％。”

白皮書指出：“根據世貿組織統計，2015年中國的貿易加權平均關税已降至4.4％，與美國、歐盟等發達經濟體相差1.5－2個百分點。截至2017年底，已調減900多個税目產品的税率。”

正因為此，中國成為了全世界增長最快的進口國。報告指出：“2001－2017年，中國貨物貿易進口額年均增長13.5％，高出全球平均水平6.9個百分點，已成為全球第二大進口國。自2009年以來，中國一直是最不發達國家第一大出口市場，吸收了最不發達國家五分之一的出口。”

實際效果十分明顯。中國於2001加入世貿組織，中國大陸在世界貿易中的份額從2000年的4.8％上升到2017年的11.5％，僅中國的進口商品，同期增長2萬億美元，而美國的增長僅為0.7萬億美元。

中國的進口增長超過美國的2.5倍之多，與此同時也遠遠超過任何其他國家。儘管整個歐盟的進口增長（3.4萬億美元）超過了中國，但很大一部分僅限於歐盟內部之間的貿易。

**中國尊重世貿組織的決定和多邊框架。**白皮書指出，中國在世貿組織“被訴案件27項，已結案23項….中國積極應對被訴案件，尊重並認真執行世貿組織裁決，作出了符合世貿規則的調整，無一例被申請複議。”

同時，中國積極吸引外商來華投資。白皮書指出：“中國積極吸引外國機構和個人來華投資興業，外商直接投資規模從1992年起連續26年居發展中國家首位。加入世貿組織後，外商直接投資規模從2001年的468.8億美元增加到2017年的1363.2億美元，年均增長6.9％。

毫無疑問，維護世貿規則的權威性不僅符合其他國家的利益，也符合中國的自身利益；維護自身利益永遠是各國行動的最佳指南，也包括中國在內。

顧名思義，國際貿易涉及一個以上的國家。如果允許一個國家制定規則的話，那麼它必然會以一種有益於本國而非他國的方式來制定規則。

**相互協商的原則引導了國際貿易體系的良性發展，而世貿組織的成立更是遵循了這一原則。**事實證明，世貿組織的成立是多方共同努力的結果，世界貿易組織的前身是關税與貿易總協定，這期間的替換共經歷46年7輪協商。2012年俄羅斯正式加入世界貿易組織，目前世貿組織共擁有164個成員，涵蓋了世界上所有龐大的經濟體。

世貿組織簽署60多項各類多邊貿易協議，其現任總幹事來自巴西，副總幹事分別來自德國、中國和尼日利亞，世貿組織的領導層代表了世界上最重要的貿易國或貿易集團。

在這個真正意義的國際框架下，世貿組織的爭端解決機制目前在國際上最具公正合理性，遠遠優於任何個別國家單方面決定的機制。

總而言之，維護世貿組織的權威性、遵守世貿組織規則符合中國以及所有國家的利益。對於那些想進一步瞭解中國是如何做到這一點的人來説，《中國與世界貿易組織》這份白皮書為他們提供了充足的信息。

（本文刊於7月4日中國網）

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John Ross: Data shows China`s strong support for the WTO

Maintaining the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is a key issue for the prosperity of every country – including China. In developing countries well over a billion people have been lifted out of poverty by economic growth underpinned by globalization, while international trade strongly supports the living standard of advanced countries.

A recent report by the highly-respected Western analytical company Oxford Economics concluded that the average U.S. family saved US$850 a year due to low priced imports from China. Given threats to the framework of the WTO by recent unfortunate tariff actions by the U.S. administration against the EU, China, India, Canada, Mexico and other countries, the publication by China`s State Council Information Office of the report “China and the World Trade Organization” is therefore extremely timely. The facts of international trade since China joined the WTO in 2001 strongly confirm the reports conclusions.

The report is unequivocal regarding its analysis of the WTO: “The multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its core, is the cornerstone of international trade and underpins the sound and orderly development of global trade.”

Regarding its own position, the report notes: “China has been a strong advocate for free trade.” As it is not only in the interests of other countries, but also in China`s direct self-interest to strongly uphold the rules and framework of the WTO, therefore: “China has participated in all aspects of WTO work, made its voice heard and contributed its own proposals on improving global economic governance. China is an active participant, strong supporter and major contributor in the multilateral trade system. Accession to the WTO has boosted China`s development and benefited the rest of the world.”

The paper details the great and ongoing efforts made by China to reinforce and remain in line with the WTO: “After its accession, China launched major efforts to review and revise relevant laws and regulations, involving 2,300 laws, regulations and departmental rules at central government level, and 190,000 policies and regulations at sub-central government levels, covering trade, investment, IPR protection, etc. In 2014, China issued an official document on furthering trade policy compliance with WTO rules, requiring government at all levels to assess proposed trade policies in accordance with WTO agreements and China`s commitments.”

Actions always speak louder than words, so China`s record on imports, the most sensitive trade issue for most countries, indicates the practical situation. “By reducing import costs to boost trade, China has shared its development dividend and growing markets with the rest of the world. By 2010, China had fulfilled all of its tariff reduction commitments, reducing the average tariff level from 15.3 percent in 2001 to 9.8 percent. It lowered the average tariff rate of manufactured goods from 14.8 to 8.9 percent. It cut the average tariff rate of agricultural products from 23.2 to 15.2 percent, about one fourth of the global average and far lower than those imposed by the WTO`s developing members (56 percent) and developed members (39 percent). China`s maximum bound tariff rate of agricultural products is 65 percent, while the corresponding rates of the United States, the European Union and Japan are 440, 408 and 1,706 percent respectively.”

Overall: “According to the WTO, China`s trade-weighted average import tariff rate had fallen to 4.4 percent in 2015, only 1.5 to 2 percentage points higher than those of developed economies such as the U.S. and the EU. By the end of 2017, China had reduced tariffs on more than 900 tariff lines.”

The result has been that China has become by far the world`s most rapidly growing national import market. The report notes: “From 2001 to 2017, China`s imports increased by an annual average of 13.5 percent, 6.9 percentage points higher than the global average; and China has become the world`s second largest importer. Since 2009, China has been the largest export market for the LDCs [Least Developed Countries] and absorbed 20 percent of their exports.”

The practical effects are clear. China joined the WTO in 2001. The Chinese mainland`s share of world trade has risen from 4.8 percent in 2000 to 11.5 percent in 2017. Taking only China`s goods imports, which rose in the same period by US$2.0 trillion compared to an increase of US$0.7 trillion for the U.S.

With China`s imports rising by more than two and a half times as much as the U.S., China`s growth in imports is far exceeding any other country. Only the entire EU`s increase in imports, at US$3.4 trillion, exceeded China – and a large part of that was trade within the EU.

China has also respected the decisions and multinational framework of the WTO: “China had been complained against in 27 disputes, of which 23 had been concluded…. China also actively defended the cases against it, respected the WTO rulings, and made adjustments to its measures according to WTO rules.” It is particularly striking that: “Up to now, none of the complainants has requested for retaliation against China.”

China has also opened itself up to inward investment. As the report notes: “Since 1992, China has consistently topped the list of FDI recipients among developing countries for 26 years consecutively. After China`s accession to the WTO, its FDI increased from US$46.88 billion in 2001 to US$136.32 billion in 2017, up by an annual average of 6.9 percent.”

It is clear why maintenance of the WTO framework is in the interests not only of other countries but of China itself – and clearly understood self-interest is always the best guide to every country`s actions including China.

International trade, by definition, involves more than one country. If one country were allowed to set the rules it would inevitably make these in a way which benefited itself and not others.

The principle of mutual agreement therefore guided the enormously beneficial development of the international trade system which culminated in the creation of the WTO. The huge effort necessary to create the WTO was shown by the fact that it took 46 years to bring it into existence through seven rounds of negotiations in the previous General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). With 164 members, the WTO, since the accession of Russia in 2012, includes all the world`s largest trading economies.

The WTO directly incorporates approximately 60 different agreements with international legal status. With a Brazilian Director General, and Deputy Director Generals from Germany, China, the U.S. and Nigeria, the leadership of the WTO is representative of the most important world trading countries or trading groups.

With this truly international framework the disputes settlement mechanism by the WTO is most internationally impartial that can be achieved at present – and far superior to any system of unilateral decisions by individual countries.

In summary, it is in the interests of China and of every country to uphold the WTO and its principles. For those who need further details of how China does this, the report “China and the World Trade Organization” amply supplies them.