have,look,large,late四個詞的詞義更新了_風聞
观察者网用户_244706-2019-01-03 07:28
在近期的OED更新中,就有幾個在英語中起着重要作用,又有着有趣分支結構的詞彙。
你可能認為動詞have的意義很空泛。它不是表示“possess / 擁有”嗎?是的,這是第一分支的核心意義。但即使在這個範圍內,也有不同的變化:“I’d like to have a really good job, a nice car, a nice house(我想要一份非常好的工作,一輛好車,一座漂亮的房子)”,例如,不同於“He had long brown hair(他有長長的棕色頭髮)”。
它還表達了關係或條件,其中佔有感被削弱或丟失。例如,它談及與我們有某種關係的人(If we note well what enemies we haue,1569年)或與某些事物相關的存在、位置或定位,例如“Sitting at his writing table, he has on his right the windows giving on Portland Place”;其他用法如“I know it was Valentine’s Day because they had the lights out for a movie”,“He had a reputation to maintain”,“It is proper that others should have an opportunity to experiment”。
相比之下,第二分支更加活躍,表示擁有物品,包括吃喝、生育子女和抓住一個人,以及其他用途:“I had a present from Major Myers of a large jelly cake, iced all over”(1866年); “Wi-Fi cards and access points can be had for less than $100 a piece”;“Waiter, I’ll have pork chops with fried potatoes”;“My wife threwa swingling board at the man who had me by the hand”(1819年)。
第三分支實際上比第一分支更被動,因為它涉及諸如情緒、夢想、疾病、特定時間和情況之類的經歷:“One Brother was so elevated..that he boasted of having Visions of Angels attending him”(1751年);“The losers—the boozers, I’ve had them up to here”;“Toasts were drunk, speeches made, and a generally enjoyable time was had by all”(1879年); “It’s bad enough when checkout operators in tone, ‘Have a nice day’ in a robotic voice”。
第四分支,與前述分支一樣,基本上是抽象的,但相比之下又是活躍的,涵蓋了保留、持有或維護某些東西,或甚至攜帶某些東西的行為:“Everyone has a higher opinion of himself than his station warrants”(1833年);
“Shut up. I’m wallowing in misery, here. Have a little respect”;“Eric is sitting at the kitchen table having his morning rage”;“Mr.Hall will not have it that Robin Hood made free with other people’s goods, and his vindication is spirited”(1841年)。
第五分支意味着“使之成為或成為”,這被認為更具功能性或語法性,較少指代任何含義。涵蓋了以下例子中所見的結構:“The Federalist party had him before the bar of the house and tried to expel him”;“This is not the weighing counter. Have it weighed at Counter No. 5”;“The distinction..is by no means so clear as he would have us believe”;“An estimated 520,000 households had their landline or broadband services switched without their consent”。動詞have的一個過渡方面導致最終分支出現,包括完成式的輔助使用(you’d have laughed),與不定式一起使用(you’ll have to excuse me),還有had rather,had better等,我不打算在此討論。
因此,have是一棵非常茂密的樹,有幾個主要的分支,每個分支都有一個附屬的叢林。單詞look更簡單,但體現了一種相當驚人的意義變化。它從“引導一個人的視線”開始(第一分支),這當然包括應用思想、小心注意、搜索和期待,以及其他不可忽視的變化:“They open the book and they look if your name’s on it”;“The situation, whichever way he looked at it, was uncomfortable”;“Two lovers looking to be wed”;“Look, if we’re going to be honest with ourselves, we need to admit that we wanted it all”。
第二分支就發生了180度的大轉彎。觀察或考慮的對象成為主題,現在考慮的是它對觀察者的影響,或者至少是觀察者認為的對象狀態:“Things had, by that time, begun to look badly for all concerned”(1891年);“I see that some of my hearers look surprised at the expression”;“She looked her full forty-three years”。第三分支衍生自第一分支但卻完全獨立。
這裏的轉換是從一個主體面向某個方向看到些什麼,到該主體面向某方向卻沒有視覺意為:“A window in one wall which looks on to a small office”。
英語從法語或拉丁語中借用的一些詞語具有主要的意義分支,這些分支並非真正由母語人士自然發展出來的。相反,它們反映了以其原始語言在單詞中演變的主要含義,然後將其轉換為英語。在某些情況下,它們都在同一時間發生,也有些是在不同時間演變,因為英語與拉丁語和法語保持密切聯繫已有很長一段時間。
當前版本中的一個例子是形容詞large,其熟悉的主要含義是“尺寸、數量或程度上很大”,兩側是另外兩個分支。略微早些時候(它們都是早期中古英語)指代(一個人)慷慨的意思,這在標準英語中早已過時。稍後(中古英語晚期),分支覆蓋“不嚴謹或不受限制;自由;懶散的”,現在這類詞義已基本不再使用:“Using the plausibility of large and indefinite words, to defend himself”(Milton,1649年);“Our people in this Colony are, some strict Congregationall men, others more large Congregationall men, and some moderate Presbeterians”(1680年);“to make acquaintance with sailors of large morality”(1866年)。
形容詞的情況更為微妙,但仍然有明確的分支。單詞late在這方面特別有趣。作為一個非常普通的詞,它的微妙變化在使用中很少被人留意到。追溯到古英語時期,它最早的分支與delay(延遲)有關,意指事情發生在預期之後。(事實上,在標準英語中早已過時的第一詞義是“slow 慢”。)中心意義包括“The cab is at the door; don’t be late for the train”;“Maybe they’d left it too late”,其他包括“a late spring”和“crocuses are late this year”。
第二分支,可追溯到十四世紀,與時間推進有關。在這些意義上,事件應該在之前時間發生的想法僅在一定背景下,並且主要意義僅在於事件發生在一個時期的結束而不是開始或中間。涵蓋了以下用法:“Most of the guys fancied a late drink and headed off into the night to the Irish Centre”;“Isn’t it getting late?’ ‘Is it? I don’t know—I’m a late person”;“A young boy and a girl in their late teens”;“Ray Harford’s side lost to a late goal to..Nottingham Forest”。
第三分支表明觀點發生重大轉變。在第一分支中,發言者期待一些延遲的事情;在第二分支中,他們從一個或多或少的中立位置觀察一系列的時間;到這裏,他們開始回顧,其詞義與最近的時間有關。
此分支主要意義如下:“The place belonged to her late husband, Sir James”和“The late war in Afghanistan and the pending war with Iraq will do little to defeat terrorism”。第一分支和第三分支之間的對比只會在你遇到這種用法時觸擊你,特別是對於南部非洲:“My father was John Piliso and my mother’s name was Emily. Both are late”,這種用法常常引起誤解(它表示某人已經逝世,但就現在的時間而言是比較新近的事情),如下面的交流所示。第一位發言者:“My uncle won’t be coming as he is late”第二位發言者:“That’s OK, late comers are welcome”。