十年後你會發現,天天尋釁滋事的特朗普其實最PEACE_風聞
观方翻译-观方翻译官方账号-2019-04-11 18:44
《金融時報》4月10日刊登英國記者嘉南加內什文章《特朗普沉迷貿易反而有助於中美保持和平》
文:Janan Ganesh
譯:Kris
一年前,美國總統唐納德·特朗普終結了一個時代,一個世界兩大強國相對禮讓的時代。他對中國徵收高額貿易關税,引發中國採取反制措施,而美國又採取了反反制措施,導致市場陷入慌亂,甚至有人聳人聽聞地預言稱新冷戰一觸即發。
根據目前的消息,休戰的曙光已經出現。中美雙方在華盛頓的討論令人滿懷希望。特朗普的經濟顧問拉里·庫德洛表示,距離達成協議已經“越來越近”。

用現在流行的表情包來説,這件事“變得還挺快啊”。為什麼呢?原因很簡單。中美達成協議將提振世界各地的經濟情緒,它對即將於18個月後面臨選舉的特朗普而言是天賜良機,不容錯過。因為這樣一來,特朗普先生就可以在選民面前充分展現政治家風範,説自己將外國勢力戲弄一番迫使對方讓步,但又避免了持久的衝突。
不過,先別忙着為躲過第二次冷戰而彈冠相慶,全世界應該思考另一種較為冷峻的可能性:在特朗普卸任之後,中美兩國將迎來真正的終極對決。當下中美關係的破裂固然令人震驚,但未來回過頭看恐怕現在如同伊甸園般美好。而特朗普這個今天被視為和平破壞者的人,未來可能會變成和平之友。
特朗普的個人風格十分好鬥,這使人忽視了一點,他其實對中國並沒有什麼積怨。其實他不滿的地方只有就一個:貿易。他堅信至少自上世紀90年代以來,在兩國經濟往來中,老實巴交的美國被中國給忽悠了。儘管這個抱怨長期存在、態度激烈、有時還誇大其詞,但它終究只是一個抱怨。而且這個問題很實在,它具體到向手提包徵收多少關税、允不允許技術轉讓等,也就是説它可以通過談判解決掉。
在經濟領域以外,特朗普並不比其他美國總統更提防中國。相反,由於強勢政府更對特朗普胃口,恐怕他的警惕性還不如其他總統高。不管你如何看待特朗普對大豆出口量斤斤計較的重商主義——他認為只有傻瓜才接受經常賬户逆差——這種對貿易的痴迷至少是有邊界的。他對中美之間更廣泛的思想衝突不感興趣,因為他沒什麼思想。
在特朗普腦子裏,只有一種他秉持了一輩子的固定觀念:任何交易都有贏家和輸家,美國已經當了太久的輸家。
這麼一來,特朗普對下面這些事情恐怕就興趣不大,甚至根本沒興趣,比如:中國內政、亞洲盟國的不安全感、非洲國家為報答投資而給予中國的外交支持、不拉崛起大國“入夥”的國際機構有多大可行性,以及民主制與一黨製為爭奪21世紀主導權的意識形態較量。在接下來的幾十年裏,這些事情可能是導致中美反目的關鍵因素。但在特朗普任期內,它們都是次要問題,排在貿易後面。
換句話説,正因為特朗普這個人很狹隘,反而有助於抑制兩個大國緊張關係升級。他把世界看作一個集市,操着各國語言的小販在其中交易,核心目標是避免被他人佔便宜。儘管這種世界觀一點都不振奮人心,但它卻將中美敵對關係限制在可談判的經濟領域,這有助於維護國際秩序。特朗普並不指望外國勢力改變本性或放棄野心。
如果我們希望特朗普在全面領會“價值觀”和國家利益的基礎上施行更具擴張性的外交政策,就需要為此承擔風險。未來我們恐怕終究會得出這樣的結論。美國今後幾乎不可能再出現一個像特朗普一樣只對經濟偏執痴狂的總統。特朗普看待地緣政治的眼光很像企業總裁、財務官甚至會計,具有很大的侷限性。
哪怕就在剛剛過去的2018年,如果有人提出“對華鴿派特朗普”的説法,旁人必然認為這純屬是標新立異。但等到今年年底,這種提法恐怕只能説是“略帶顛覆性”了。中美貿易談判效率極高,這説明特朗普真正關心的就是貿易協議。而他的繼任者心思多半會複雜許多。
直到現在,人們還自我安慰地將特朗普視為寧靜之前最後的風暴,認為他會破壞中美關係,而未來的接班人則會與中國重修舊好。但也許恰恰相反,通過打破禁忌展開中美對抗,特朗普的行動可能會鼓勵繼任者把對中國的各種積怨發泄到貿易以外的其他領域。如果真的這樣做,未來的人們將懷念今天在關税上小打小鬧的美好時光。一個想法令我感到不安:莫非特朗普總統追逐物質與實利的卑微品性,竟能為維護和平發揮重要作用?
Trump’s Trade Obsession Keeps the Peace with China
A year has passed since Donald Trump ended an era of relative comity between the two greatest powers in the world. The US president’s trade tariffs against China provoked countermeasures and counter-countermeasures that flustered markets and even inspired some lurid prognostications of a new cold war.
Now, we learn, a truce is in the offing. The two sides are in promising discussions in Washington. An agreement is “closer and closer”, reports Larry Kudlow, the economic adviser to Mr Trump.
Well that, to misquote the internet meme, de-escalated quickly. It is easy to see why. A US-China accord would perk up the economic mood all over the world, and that, for a president 18 months from an election, is an irresistible prize. Mr Trump could offer voters statesmanlike lustre after teasing concessions from a foreign power, without the pain of lasting conflict.
Before the world toasts the avoidance of a second cold war, though, consider a bleak alternative: the real showdown will occur after Mr Trump’s presidency. What we now see as a shocking rupture in US-China relations might come to seem a relative Eden. And the man we now see as a spoiler of the peace could be a friend of it.
Mr Trump’s belligerent style distracts from the fact that he has very few grievances with the other side. Essentially, he has just the one: trade. He believes that Beijing has played a guileless America like a fiddle in their economic dealings since at least the 1990s. It is an intense, long-held and sometimes exaggerated complaint. But it is just one complaint. And, being a practical matter, to do with handbag tariffs and technology transfer, it is possible to negotiate it away.
Beyond the economics, his wariness towards China is not obviously more pronounced than that of a generic US president. Given his taste for strong governments, perhaps it is less so. Say what you will about Mr Trump’s bean-counting mercantilism — his belief that current-account deficits are always and everywhere for suckers — it is at least a contained obsession. He is not interested in a wider clash of philosophies with China because he has no wider philosophy.
What Mr Trump has instead is his lifelong idée fixe: that any transaction has a winner and a loser, and America has lost for too long.
A list of subjects in which the president takes little or no interest, then, might include: Chinese internal affairs, the insecurity of US allies in Asia, the diplomatic favour of African countries as China invests all over their continent, the viability of international bodies in which a rising power has little stake, and the ideological tussle between democracy and one party rule for mastery of the 21st century. These are the things that are likely to set the two powers against each other in the coming decades. Under this presidency, they are all secondary to trade.
In other words, it is Mr Trump’s very narrowness that is keeping a lid on great-power tension. His view of the world as a kind of polyglot bazaar, in which the central goal is to avoid being ripped off, is hardly stirring. But it serves the international order by limiting US-China enmities to the negotiable realm of economics. He does not expect a foreign power to change its essential character or ambitions.
It is at our own peril that we wish for a more expansive Trumpian foreign policy, informed by “values” and a broader construal of the national interest. We are likely to find out one way or the other. It is improbable that the US will have another president with such an economic monomania. Mr Trump has not just a chief executive’s limited vision of geopolitics, but a chief financial officer’s, or even an accountant’s.
Mr Trump the China dove: as recently as 2018, this idea would have read like so much tryhard contrarianism. By the end of 2019, it might be just a mildly subversive proposition. The speed with which he appears to be reaching a trade pact with Beijing suggests that this is all he ultimately cares about. That is unlikely to be true of his successors.
Until now, it has been soothing to regard Mr Trump as the storm before the calm. He would disrupt US-China relations and future leaders would mend them again. But the opposite could be true. By breaking the taboo against confrontation, Mr Trump has emboldened successors with far wider-ranging grievances than trade to vent them. If they do, skirmishes over washing-machine tariffs would count as the good old days. An uneasy thought, is it not, that one of the president’s lowest qualities, his materialism, could be a force for peace.
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