高考制度恢復：不僅開啓了夢想的時代，也照亮了中國的未來之路_風聞

百年大計，教育為先。

這樣的場景每一個經歷過高考的學子想必都十分熟悉，那段辛苦的歲月早已深深印在我們心底。

1970年，中國高校招生僅48000人，如今是3700萬。這簡直是天壤之別。那麼中國如何做到的？

**解讀中國工作室推出《中國改革開放的故事》系列短片，記錄中國改革開放的故事。讓我們跟隨麥克·**伍德的視角，一起走進那段對中國而言意義非凡的歷史。

**《中國改革開放的故事》第五集：**未來之路

古代科舉考試可謂是成就功名的必經之路，在全國的考試中拔得頭籌不僅是個人的榮耀，甚至是整個家族的驕傲。

在蘇州，有一座供奉文曲星的寺廟，裏面有一個特別的榮譽榜。從這就能看出中國人多麼重視科舉考試。這51位大學士均來自於蘇州城，他們都是狀元，時間跨度從9世紀到1870年。根據蘇州旅遊指南，蘇州文化昌盛，人才輩出，所以這座寺廟古時候香火旺盛。

This gives you an idea of how seriously the Chinese took the examination system.This is a list of the 51 scholars just from the town of Suzhou here, who got top marks in the imperial examination between the 9th century and the 1870’s. And the local guide book says that Suzhou has had a galaxy of culture and scholars, so this temple was well worshipped in olden days.

清王朝落幕之後，科舉考試不再延續。隨之而來中國社會的劇烈動盪，也給教育事業的發展帶來不小的衝擊。

對此，哈佛大學教授、《鄧小平時代》作者傅高義説到：

1966年，“文化大革命”爆發，政府關停了所有大學，停止入學考試。當時有少數人通過黨內推薦入學，但那時學校可不傳授知識。

In 1966 when the Cultural Revolution broke out, they closed down all the universities, they closed down all the examinations. There were a few people who received party recommendations to go to school, but schools were not operating the way they should.

那一代的年輕人都被送到農村去，接受貧下中農再教育。當時，全國有1600萬中學畢業生到農村去做農民。清華大學蘇世民書院院長薛瀾就是其中一員：

我應該是最後一批必須下鄉的高中畢業生，去接受再教育。我當時就想，可能我一輩子就待在農村了。

I was probably the last cohort of people from high school that have to go to the countryside to receive re-education.I was thinking of my life was just you know to stay there for my lifetime, just in the village.

直到1977年，鄧小平召開教育工作會，迫切希望儘快恢復高考制度。

消息宣佈了，我們可以參加高考。那時候，我們是那麼的開心，感到無比振奮。那是我們的人生轉折點。

When the news announced that actually we can take the examination to get into college, we were just so happy and exhilarated. It’s just such a life-changing, you know, moment for us.

第一年恢復高考，競爭非常激烈。570萬人報名，錄取人數不足5%。復旦大學中國研究院院長張維為我們介紹：

那時候我們班同學年齡差別很大，小的18歲，大的35歲，我那時候20歲。有的是煤礦工人，有的是農民，有的是士兵，有的是工人，年輕學徒，我就是。所以，那次考試改變了許多人的生命。

And ages varied from 18 to 35, you know in my class. I was 20 at the time.They were coal miners, they were farmers, they were soldiers, they were workers, young apprentice like me. So that exam changed life of many people.

恢復高考的成效十分明顯，從那之後不到十年，中國大學生人數增長了50倍。

除了國內教育的發展，中國也積極派遣學生赴海外留學。

我還記得，應該是美國卡特總統的國家安全顧問布熱津斯基，他問鄧小平想派遣多少留學生去美國。鄧小平反問美國能夠接收多少，告訴他中國不限制人數。那需要很大勇氣，因為那時候中國的生活水平比西方低很多。很多人擔心學生可能一去不復返。鄧小平在內部會議上説，如果有十分之一的學生回國，這個政策取得了勝利。

 I remember, I think it was Brzezinski, national security advisor to Jimmy Carter, asked Deng, you know, how many students you want to send to the United States. And Deng said, how many you can receive, yeah, for us, no limit.It’s a lot of courage because at that time the living standard between China and the west was so different. You know, China was much lower. And many were concerned that students may not choose to return to China. And Deng said at the internal party meeting that if one of 10 can return to China this policy will be a victory for us.

而到了今天，不僅僅中國學生會選擇國外留學，外國學生也會選擇中國的學位項目。來自俄羅斯的留學生尼基塔·科茲拉對深圳就有着獨特的感情：

這是座發達城市。我確信在這能找到好工作，找到好的學習機會。學校投入了大量資金，建立實驗室和其他研究項目。來南科大不僅是學知識，大多數時候是研究。

It’s a well-developed city so I was pretty sure that I would find a good job; find good studying. They put a lot of money; they put a lot of laboratories, and other research. SUSTech is not only for studying, mostly it’s about research.

許多中國高校在短時間內已躋身全球前100，但發展的同時也存在問題，中國大學需要擺脱傳統教育的方式，推出新的課程模式。

西湖大學校長施一公説到：

中國有大概3000所高校。宏觀上看，這些高校大同小異，也就是説高校從一個模子裏刻出來，課程模式差不多。所以，國內外都認為，這是中國在創新上難以與西方匹敵的關鍵原因。

In China we have about 3,000 universities and colleges. If you look at the universities from a distance they are more or less the same, meaning they are crafted, their curriculum training is crafted, along, you know, from a single mould, if you will. So that we think, many of us in China and in the world believe, is one of the key reasons why innovation hasn’t been commensurate with the wisdom of the Chinese.

位於杭州的西湖大學正是聚焦於教育體系創新，尋找新的路徑，吸引海外頂尖人才回國教育下一代。

我認為，西湖大學是連通改革開放四十年和未來的橋樑。我們正竭力傳承改革開放的精神。我這一代人，長在中國，在美國的大學接受專業教育，我想我們應該把中西文化結合起來，或許應該創造一種新的大學，更好地服務中國和世界。

West Lake university, I think, is a bridge from the 4 decades of reform and opening up policy to the future. We are trying our best to perpetuate the spirit of China’s reform and opening up policy.For someone like myself, raised in China, educated in professional school in the United States, I think we ought to be able to combine the strength of both cultural backgrounds and perhaps create a new type of university that serves China and the world in a much better way.

教育興則國興，少年強則國強。關乎教育的討論影響着中華文明的未來，40年前如此，21世紀的現在亦如此。

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