美國100位各界人士發表致特朗普公開信：中國不是敵人_風聞
高能磷酸键-2019-07-04 13:17
當地時間7月3日，《華盛頓郵報》刊登了一封致特朗普總統和美國會的公開信。這封公開信由美前政要及知名專家學者執筆，95名美學術界、外交界、軍界及商界專家聯合署名。
在公開信中，美國各界人士表示，中國不是美國的敵人，對中國採取敵對的態度、行為不僅不會遏制中國的發展，反而會損害美國自身的利益。美國各界人士在信中指出，符合美國利益的最好的方式，是美國保持開放的態度，積極與其它國家或國際組織合作，加強自身能力建設。
以下為公開信全文：
親愛的特朗普總統以及國會議員們：
我們是來自學術，外交政策，軍事以及商界的成員，大多數都來自於美國，包括一些在專業工作中主要與亞洲打交道的人。我們對中美關係的日益惡化表示嚴重關切，我們認為這種關係並不符合美國利益以及全球利益。我們對北京最近的行為感到非常不安，雖然它需要一個非常強硬的回應，但我們也認為許多美國的行為直接導致了中美關係的螺旋下降。
以下的七點主張代表了我們對中國的集體觀點，包括美國對待中國的方法，以及一些能使美國政策更加有效的基本要素。我們的機構隸屬關係僅作為身份識別用途。
1.中國近年來令人不安的行為——包括轉向更加強力的國內管控，國家加強對民營企業的管控，未能履行數項貿易承諾，對來自國外觀點加強管控，以及更加有侵略性的外交政策等——這對世界上的其他地區都構成了嚴峻的挑戰。這些挑戰需要美國做出堅定而有效的回應，但目前美國對待中國的方式可能會造成適得其反的結果。
2.我們不認為北京是一個經濟上的敵人，也不認為它在每個領域都對美國的國家安全構成威脅；中國也不是鐵板一塊，中國領導人的觀念也不是一成不變的。雖然經濟與軍事實力的快速增長，使得北京能夠在國際上更自信的發揮影響力，但是很多中國的官員以及其他精英都知道，與西方保持温和、務實以及真誠合作的態度符合中國的利益。華盛頓對北京的敵對態度削弱了上述這些聲音的影響力，反而讓民族主義者更加自信。通過正確的平衡合作與競爭的關係，美國的行為可以加強那些希望中國在國際事務中發揮建設性作用的中國領導人的力量。
3.美國將中國視為敵人，以及讓中國與世界經濟脱鈎的努力，將會損害美國的國際聲譽，並且全球所有國家的經濟利益都會因此受到損害。美國的反對不會阻止中國經濟的擴張，不會影響中國公司全球市場份額的增加，也不會影響到中國在國際事務中所承擔作用的增加。此外，美國不能在不損害自身利益的情況下，顯著地阻止中國的崛起。如果美國強迫其盟友視中國為政治與經濟上的敵人，這將會削弱美國與其盟友的關係，最終被孤立的可能不是中國，而是美國。
4.擔心中國將取代美國成為世界領導者太誇張了，其實大多數其他國家對於這樣的結果並不感興趣，並且也不清楚中國是否認為這種目標是必要的或者説可行的。美國應該與盟友以及合作伙伴，去創造一個更加開放與繁榮的世界，並且接納中國讓中國有機會參與其中。孤立中國，只會削弱那些希望建設一個更人道，更寬容的社會的中國人的決心。
5.儘管中國已經制定了在21世紀中葉建成世界級軍隊的目標，但是中國想要發展成為在全球具有主導作用的軍事力量，依然存在巨大的障礙。然而，中國日益強大的軍事實力，已經侵蝕了美國長期以來在西太平洋地區所具有的軍事優勢。對於這種情況，最好的處理方式不是開展軍備競賽，即重新確立美國在中國邊境的全方位的軍事優勢。更明智的政策是與盟國進行合作，保持對中國的威懾力，強調以防禦為主，區域封鎖能力，除了要與北京方面加強在危機管控方面的工作以外，還要有彈性的挫敗北京對美國或美國盟國領土的攻擊能力。
6.北京正在試圖削弱西方民主準則在全球秩序中的作用。但是，北京並沒有試圖去推翻中國這幾十年來使其受益的經濟以及其他國際秩序組成部分。實際上，中國參與國際體系，中國對於氣候變化等國際共同問題的有效行動，對現有國際體系的維繫發揮了至關重要的作用。美國應該鼓勵中國參與新的國際規則的制定，或是對其進行修改，在這方面，崛起的大國具有更大的發言權。對中國採取零和博弈的方法，只會促進北京脱離現有的體制規則，造成現有國際秩序的分裂，這將損害西方的利益。
7.總之，美國在對待中國的做法上的成功之處，必須集中於與其它國家建立持久的聯盟來支持其經濟和安全為目標。這必須基於對中國的認知、利益、目標以及行為的現實評估；美國和其盟國在資源、政策目標、利益上的精準配合；以及美國需要努力加強其自身的能力來為其他國家做榜樣。從根本上來説，符合美國利益的最好的方式，是與其他國家和國際組織進行合作，在不斷變化的世界中恢復其有力的競爭力，而不是做出破壞和遏制中國與世界的接觸這種適得其反的行為。
本文作者M. Taylor Fravel是麻省理工學院政治學教授；J. Stapleton Roy是威爾遜中心的傑出學者，曾任美國駐華大使；Michael D. Swaine是卡內基國際和平基金會的高級研究員；Susan A. Thornton是耶魯大學法學院Paul Tsai中國中心高級研究員，曾任東亞及太平洋事務助理國務卿；Ezra Vogel是哈佛大學名譽教授。
除上述作者外，聯名簽署這封信的還有：
●James Acton, co-director, Nuclear Policy Program and Jessica T. Mathews Chair, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Craig Allen, former U.S. ambassador to Brunei from 2014–2018
●Andrew Bacevich, co-founder, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft
●Jeffrey A. Bader, former senior director for East Asia on National Security Council 2009-2011 and fellow, Brookings Institution
●C. Fred Bergsten, senior fellow and director emeritus, Peterson Institute for International Economics
●Jan Berris, vice president, National Committee on United States-China Relations
●Dennis J. Blasko, former U.S. Army Attaché to China, 1992-1996
●Pieter Bottelier, visiting scholar, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University
●Ian Bremmer, president, Eurasia Group
●Richard Bush, Chen-Fu and Cecilia Yen Koo Chair in Taiwan Studies, Brookings Institution
●Jerome A. Cohen, faculty director, US-Asia Law Institute, New York University
●Warren I. Cohen, distinguished university professor emeritus, University of Maryland
●Bernard Cole, former U.S. Navy captain
●James F. Collins, U.S. ambassador to the Russian Federation 1997-2001
●Gerald L Curtis, Burgess Professor Emeritus, Columbia University
●Toby Dalton, co-director, Nuclear Policy Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Robert Daly, director, Kissinger Institute on China and the U.S., Wilson Center
●Michael C. Desch, Packey J. Dee Professor of International Affairs and director of the Notre Dame International Security Center
●Mac Destler, professor emeritus, University of Maryland School of Public Policy
●Bruce Dickson, professor of political science and international affairs, George Washington University
●David Dollar, senior fellow, Brookings Institution
●Peter Dutton, senior fellow, U.S.-Asia Law Institute; adjunct professor, New York University School of Law
●Robert Einhorn, senior fellow, Brookings Institution; former assistant secretary of state for nonproliferation, 1999-2001
●Amitai Etzioni, University Professor and Professor of International Affairs, George Washington University
●Thomas Fingar, Asia Pacific Research Center, Stanford University; former deputy director of national intelligence for analysis, 2005-2008
●Mary Gallagher, political science professor and director of the Lieberthal-Rogel Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan
●John Gannon, adjunct professor, Georgetown University; former chairman of the National Intelligence Council, 1997-2001
●Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations, University of Pennsylvania
●Steven M. Goldstein, associate of the Fairbank Center; director of the Taiwan Studies Workshop at Harvard University
●David F. Gordon, senior advisor, International Institute of Strategic Studies; former director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department, 2007-2009
●Philip H. Gordon, Mary and David Boies Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations; former special assistant to the president and Coordinator for the Middle East and assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian Affairs
●Morton H. Halperin, former director of Policy Planning Staff at State Department, 1998-2001
●Lee Hamilton, former congressman; former president and director of the Wilson Center
●Clifford A. Hart Jr., former U.S. consul general to Hong Kong and Macau, 2013-2016
●Paul Heer, adjunct professor, George Washington University; former National Intelligence Officer for East Asia, 2007-2015
●Eric Heginbotham, principal research scientist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Center for International Studies
●Ambassador Carla A. Hills, former United States Trade Representative, 1989-1993; chair & CEO Hills & Company, International Consultants
●Jamie P. Horsley, senior fellow at the Paul Tsai China Center, Yale Law School
●Yukon Huang, senior fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Frank Jannuzi, president and CEO, Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation
●Robert Jervis, Adlai E. Stevenson Professor and Professor of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University
●Marvin Kalb, nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution
●Mickey Kantor, former secretary of commerce,1996-1997; U.S. trade representative, 1993-1996
●Robert Kapp, president, Robert A. Kapp & Associates, Inc.; former president, U.S.-China Business Council; former president, Washington Council on International Trade
●Albert Keidel, adjunct graduate professor, George Washington University; former deputy director of the Office of East Asian Nations at the Treasury Department, 2001-2004
●Robert O. Keohane, professor of International Affairs emeritus, Princeton University
●William Kirby, Spangler Family Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School; T. M. Chang Professor of China Studies at Harvard University
●Helena Kolenda, program director for Asia, Henry Luce Foundation
●Charles Kupchan, professor of International Affairs, Georgetown University; senior fellow, Council on Foreign Relations
●David M. Lampton, professor emeritus at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies; Oksenberg Rholen Fellow, Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center; former president, National Committee on U.S.-China Relations
●Nicholas Lardy, Anthony M. Solomon Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics
●Chung Min Lee, senior fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Herbert Levin, former staff member for China on National Security Council and Policy Planning Council
●Cheng Li, director and senior fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution
●Kenneth Lieberthal, professor emeritus, University of Michigan; former Asia senior director, National Security Council, 1998-2000
●Yawei Liu, director of China Program, The Carter Center
●Jessica Mathews, distinguished fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●James McGregor, chairman, Greater China, APCO Worldwide
●John McLaughlin, distinguished practitioner in residence, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University; former deputy director and acting director of the CIA, 2000-2004
●Andrew Mertha, Hyman Professor and Director of the China Program, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University
●Alice Lyman Miller, research fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University
●Mike Mochizuki, Japan-U.S. Relations Chair in Memory of Gaston Sigur, George Washington University
●Michael Nacht, Thomas and Alison Schneider Professor of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley; former assistant secretary of defense for global strategic affairs, 2009-2010
●Moises Naim, distinguished fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Joseph Nye, University Distinguished Service Professor emeritus and former dean, Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
●Kevin O’Brien, political science professor and director of Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley
●Jean Oi, William Haas Professor of Chinese Politics, Stanford University
●Stephen A. Orlins, president, National Committee on U.S.-China Relations
●William Overholt, senior research fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
●Douglas Paal, distinguished fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Margaret M. Pearson, Dr. Horace V. and Wilma E. Harrison Distinguished Professor, University of Maryland, College Park
●Peter C. Perdue, professor of history, Yale University
●Elizabeth J. Perry , Henry Rosovsky Professor of Government, Harvard University; director, Harvard-Yenching Institute
●Daniel W Piccuta, former deputy chief of mission and acting ambassador, Beijing
●Thomas Pickering, former under secretary of state for political affairs, 1997-2000; former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations from 1989-1992
●Paul R. Pillar , nonresident senior fellow at the Center for Security Studies, Georgetown University
●Jonathan D. Pollack, nonresident senior fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, Brookings Institution
●Barry Posen, Ford International Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; director, MIT Security Studies Program
●Shelley Rigger, Brown Professor of East Asian Politics, Davidson College
●Charles S. Robb, former U.S. senator (1989-2001) and former chairman of the East Asia subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; governor of Virginia from 1982 to 1986
●Robert S. Ross, professor of political science, Boston College
●Scott D. Sagan, the Caroline S.G. Munro Professor of Political Science, Stanford University
●Gary Samore, senior executive director, Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University
●Richard J. Samuels, Ford International Professor of Political Science and director, Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Center for International Studies
●David Shear, former assistant secretary of defense, 2014-2016; former U.S. ambassador to Vietnam
●Anne-Marie Slaughter, former director of policy planning, State Department, 2009-2011; Bert G. Kerstetter ‘66 University Professor Emerita of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University
●Richard Sokolsky, nonresident senior fellow, Russia and Eurasia Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●James Steinberg, former deputy secretary of state, 2009-2011
●Michael Szonyi, Frank Wen-Hsiung Wu Memorial Professor of Chinese History Director, Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University
●Strobe Talbott, former deputy secretary of state, 1994-2001
●Anne F. Thurston, former senior research professor, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University
●Andrew G. Walder, Denise O’Leary and Kent Thiry Professor, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University
●Graham Webster, coordinating editor, Stanford-New America DigiChina Project
●David A. Welch, University Research Chair, Balsillie School of International Affairs
●Daniel B. Wright, president and CEO, GreenPoint Group; former managing director for China and the Strategic Economic Dialogue, Treasury Department