新研究顯示轉基因和非轉基因玉米在分子層面存在很大不同_風聞

  英文標題：New Study Shows Major Molecular Differences between GMO and Non-GMO Corn

翻譯：jrry86；原文由“可持續脈衝”（Sustainable Pulse）於2016年12月19日發佈；原文鏈接：http://sustainablepulse.com/2016/12/19/new-study-shows-major-molecular-differences-between-gmo-and-non-gmo-corn/#.WFhQUtQ8KrV

（譯者按：本文是“可持續脈衝”網站對這項新研究的摘要介紹，該研究證明了轉基因玉米NK603與其非轉基因對應物實質不等同，轉基因過程引發玉米內部代謝紊亂、營養成分改變、毒性物質增加等一系列非預期變化，而NK603正是塞拉利尼教授著名的兩年期大鼠餵養實驗所用的轉基因玉米，塞氏的研究發現長期食用該轉基因玉米的大鼠肝腎受損，還多發癌症。而最新發表的這項由安東尼奧和塞拉利尼等多位科學家進行的研究則仔細分析了該轉基因玉米與非轉基因對應物的分子組成的異同，顛覆了工業界和管理機構所宣稱的實質等同，從根本上動搖了轉基因作物安全性的基礎。因此在該研究文章發表當天的早上，就受到來自英國“科學媒介中心”的迫不及待地的攻擊，而後者甚至連簡單事實都還沒搞清楚，並且還斷然拒絕在科學媒介中心網站上發表研究者的回應，如果瞭解到這個科學媒介中心70%的經費是來自工業界的，這就一點也不奇怪了，鏈接：http://www.gmwatch.org/news/latest-news/17384-science-media-centre-experts-misrepresent-study-findings-get-facts-wrong）

A unique new study published Monday in Scientific Reports, an online, open access journal from the publishers of Nature, has used molecular profiles to reveal major differences in composition between a GMO corn and its non-GMO parent. These findings question industry and regulatory position of “substantial equivalence” and have serious safety implications.

        星期一在《自然》雜誌旗下的在線開放閲讀雜誌《科學報告》上發表的一項獨特的新研究，使用了分子剖析來展示轉基因玉米與其非轉基因父本分子組成上的巨大不同。這些研究結果質疑了工業界和管理機構的“實質等同”立場，預示着可能引發嚴重的安全性後果。

The new peer-reviewed study led by Dr Michael Antoniou at King’s College London describes the effects of the process of genetic engineering on the composition of a genetically modified Roundup-resistant GMO corn variety, NK603.        這個新的經過同行評議的研究（http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37855）是由倫敦國王學院的邁克爾·安東尼奧博士領銜的，它描述了基因工程過程給抗農達轉基因玉米NK603分子組成造成的影響。“Our study clearly shows that the GM transformation process results in profound compositional differences in NK603, demonstrating that this GMO corn is not substantially equivalent to its non-GMO counterpart. The marked increase in putrescine and especially cadaverine is a concern since these substances are potentially toxic, being reported as enhancers of the effects of histamine, thus heightening allergic reactions, and both have been implicated in the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines with nitrite in meat products. Our results call for a more thorough evaluation of the safety of NK603 corn consumption on a long-term basis.” Dr. Antoniou stated.

        安東尼奧博士説：“我們的研究清楚顯示轉基因過程造成了NK603組成的極大變化，證明此轉基因玉米與其非轉基因對應物並不實質等同。腐胺和特別是屍胺的顯著增加帶來隱患，因為它們具有潛在的毒性，有報道它們能增強組胺的影響，因而加重過敏反應，並且這兩種物質被認為會與肉製品中的亞硝酸鹽作用生成致癌的亞硝胺。我們的研究證明有必要對長期食用NK603玉米的安全性進行徹底的研究。”

In-depth analysis of types of proteins (“proteomics”) and small biochemical molecules (“metabolomics”) revealed major compositional differences between NK603 and its non-GMO parent. The results obtained show not only disturbances in energy utilisation and oxidative stress (damage to cells and tissues by reactive oxygen), but worryingly large increases in certain substances (polyamines).        對蛋白種類（“蛋白質組學”）和較小生化分子（“代謝物組學”）的深入分析顯示，NK603與其非轉基因父本在組成上存在極大不同。**得到的這些結果不僅顯示對能量應用產生干擾和氧化應激（活性氧對細胞和組織造成損傷），而且顯示了某些物質（多胺）令人擔憂的大量增加。**Polyamines found to be present in increased amounts in GMO NK603 corn include putrescine and cadaverine, which can produce various toxic effects. For example, they enhance the effects of histamine, thus heightening allergic reactions, and both have been implicated in the formation of carcinogenic substances called nitrosamines.        轉基因NK603玉米中含量增加的多胺包括腐胺和屍胺，這兩者會帶來多種毒性效應。例如，它們能提高組胺的影響作用，因而加重過敏反應，並且這兩種物質被認為與致癌的亞硝胺的產生有關。Overall, the findings of this study disprove industry and regulatory agency claims that NK603 is ‘substantially equivalent’ to its non-GMO counterpart and suggest that a more thorough evaluation of the safety of consuming products derived from this GMO corn on a long term basis should be undertaken.        總的來説，這項研究的結論否定了工業界和管理機構所宣稱的NK603與其非轉基因對應 物“實質等同”，並啓示對長期食用從轉基因玉米衍生的產品的安全性應該作更徹底的評估。Background to study****研究背景1. The establishment of compositional ‘substantial equivalence’ is a key starting point requested by regulatory agencies for assessing the safety of a GMO crop and food. If analysis for nutrients and known toxins shows that the composition of a GMO crop is found to be in a similar range to that present in a corresponding, genetically similar non-GMO variety (often the non-GMO parent), then it is deemed to be ‘substantially equivalent’ and to require little, if any, further safety testing, especially in the USA.        組分“實質等同”的確立是管理機構評估一個轉基因作物和食品安全性時所要求的一個關鍵的起始點。如果通過分析，發現某個轉基因作物中所含有的營養成分和已知毒素，與相應的基因類似的非轉基因品種（通常是其非轉基因父本）處於相似的範圍內，則該轉基因作物被視為“實質等同”，僅需作少量甚至不需要作進一步的安全檢測，特別是在美國。

2. Genetically modified (GM) corn NK603, engineered to survive being sprayed with glyphosate based weedkillers such as Roundup, was assessed as ‘substantially equivalent’ to its non-GM parent corn variety, based on a nutrient composition analysis of both crops. It was subsequently granted market approval.        轉基因玉米NK603是被設計為抗草甘膦除草劑（例如農達）的，通過分析它與非轉基因父本玉米作物的營養組成，而被評估為“實質等同”。隨後它被批准上市。

3. However, the nutrient compositional analysis is relatively crude and may miss subtle yet important differences between the GMO and non-GMO food, which could have health consequences for the consumer. For example, the compositional analysis includes measurement of total protein content, yet this is less important than the profile of different types of proteins. In other words, the message is in the detail, yet this detail is currently lacking in regulatory analysis investigating the substantial equivalence of a product.        但是，營養成分的分析相對來説比較粗糙，可能會錯過轉基因和非轉基因食品之間微妙卻很重要的不同，後者會給消費者帶來健康後果。例如，營養成分的分析包括對蛋白質總量的測量，但實際上不同種類蛋白的圖譜卻更為重要。換句話説，信息存在於細節中，但這種細節在現行的調查一個產品實質等同性的監管檢測中卻很缺乏。

4. This gap in compositional information for the Roundup-tolerant NK603 corn was addressed in this study by analysing this GMO with the nearest non-GMO corn variety as a control. The two crops were grown under similar conditions, in the same location and season, spaced at a sufficient distance to avoid cross-contamination. One field of NK603 was sprayed once with Roundup, whilst another field of NK603 was not treated with Roundup. Samples were produced in two cultivation cycles over two growing seasons. Thus all precautions were taken to minimise environmental factors that could influence the composition of the crops. The result is a comparative analysis that specifically highlights the effect of the genetic modification (GM) transformation process.        本研究通過檢測抗農達轉基因玉米NK603，並以最接近的非轉基因玉米品種作為對照，填補了上述組分信息的鴻溝。這兩種作物在相同的地點和相同的季節在相似的條件下種植，分隔足夠的距離以避免交叉污染。一塊NK603玉米地噴灑了農達，而另一塊NK603玉米地則沒有噴灑。採集了兩個種植季的兩輪種植的樣品。可以説是採取了所有預防措施來使可能影響作物組成的環境因素最小化。因此所得結果是一種比較性質的分析，特別着重突出轉基因過程的影響。

5. Rats fed this GMO corn over 2 years presented signs of a higher incidence of liver and kidney damage (Séralini et al., Environmental Sciences Europe, 26:14)compared with controls.        用此轉基因玉米餵養兩年以上的大鼠相比於對照組表現出更多的肝腎損傷（塞拉利尼等，《歐洲環境科學》，26:14，http://www.gmoseralini.org/）。Analytical methods used****使用的分析方法Analytical methods collectively known as “omics” technologies can be used to obtain an in-depth, molecular composition profile of a biological system/substance. These technologies include transcriptomics (gene function profile), proteomics(protein type profile) and metabolomics (small biochemical metabolite profile). Unlike gross nutrient analysis, omics technologies provide highly detailed molecular composition and biological functional information with a very high degree of predictability of health or disease status.        統稱為"組學"技術的分析方法可以用來獲得一個生物體系/物質的分子組成圖譜詳情的深度信息。這些技術包括轉錄組學（基因功能圖譜），蛋白質組學（蛋白類型圖譜）和代謝物組學（小生化代謝物圖譜）。與總體營養成分分析不同的是，組學技術可以提供極詳細的分子組成和生物功能信息，對健康或疾病狀態具有高度可預測性。

In this study Dr Antoniou and colleagues have undertaken proteomics (protein profiling) and metabolomics (small biochemical profiling) analyses, comparing NK603 with its non-GMO counterpart in order to deepen the understanding of the effects of the GM transformation process used to generate this variety of GMO corn. In addition, NK603 cultivated either with or without being sprayed with Roundup was also investigated in order to determine the effects, if any, of this weedkiller on the biochemistry and hence composition of this GMO corn.        在這項研究中安東尼奧博士與同事們進行了蛋白質組學（蛋白圖譜）和代謝物組學（小生化代謝物圖譜）分析，比較了NK603與其非轉基因對應物，以深入理解用來產生這種轉基因玉米品種的轉基因過程所帶來的影響。另外還研究了種植過程中未噴灑和噴灑農達的NK603，以確定這種除草劑對轉基因玉米的生化性質以至於組成是否帶來影響。

This broad range of analysis is designed to ascertain more deeply and precisely whether NK603 is truly ‘substantially equivalent’ to its corresponding non-GMO variety and whether this raises any health concerns.        設計這種寬泛範圍的分析檢測就是為了更深入和精確地確定NK603與其對應的非轉基因品種是否真的“實質等同”，這是否會帶來任何健康風險。

Findings****結果1. A total of 117 proteins and 91 small molecule biochemicals (metabolites) were found to be statistically significantly altered in NK603 corn by the GM transformation process.        發現NK603玉米中共有117種蛋白質和91種小生化分子（代謝物）被轉基因過程改變，並具有顯著統計意義。

2. The GM transformation process was the major contributor to variation in the protein and metabolite profiles, rather than environmental factors such as the spraying of the Roundup weedkiller or the growing season.        轉基因過程是造成蛋白質和代謝物圖譜變化的主要原因，而不是諸如噴灑農達除草劑或種植季節等環境因素。

3. Alteration in the protein profile revealed by the proteomics analysis was reflective of an imbalance in energy utilisation and oxidative stress (damage to cells and tissues by reactive oxygen).        蛋白質組學分析所顯示的蛋白圖譜的變化反應出來的是能量應用失衡和氧化應激（活性氧對細胞和組織造成損傷）。

4. Small molecule biochemical profile differences revealed by metabolomics mostly consisted of an increase in a class of compounds known as polyamines; the levels of potentially toxic putrescine and especially cadaverine were markedly increased in the GM NK603 corn.        代謝物組學顯示出來的小生化分子圖譜的不同主要表現為一組被稱為組胺的化合物的增加；轉基因NK603玉米中有潛在毒性的腐胺和特別是屍胺的含量顯著增加。Conclusions結論1. GM NK603 corn and its corresponding non-GMO corn variety are not substantially equivalent.      轉基因NK603玉米與相應的非轉基因玉米品種實質不等同。

2. The GM transformation process caused alterations in both protein and metabolite composition profiles in NK603 corn.      轉基因過程導致了NK603玉米的蛋白質和代謝物組成圖譜的改變。

3. The non-substantial equivalence of NK603 corn with the corresponding non-GMO corn, and the increases in potential toxic compounds (polyamines; putrescine, cadaverine) in NK603 corn, indicate that a more thorough investigation of the safety of consuming products derived from this GMO food is warranted.      NK603玉米與對應的非轉基因玉米實質不等同，以及NK603玉米中潛在毒性化合物（多胺；腐胺，屍胺）的增加，説明了應該對從這種轉基因食品衍生出的產品的食用安全性，進行更徹底的研究。Relevance to health****與健康的相關性The GM transformation process causes a general disturbance in the GMO plant. Whether the increased levels of cadaverine and putrescine found in the NK603 corn samples can account for the signs of potential negative health effects in rats fed on this corn needs to be further analysed in long-term feeding studies on laboratory animals, using methods that specifically and more accurately quantify the amounts of these polyamines and their effects.       **轉基因過程從總體上擾亂了轉基因作物。是否是NK603玉米樣品中屍胺和腐胺含量的增加導致了用這種玉米餵養的大鼠出現負面健康效應（譯註：指著名的塞拉利尼大鼠長期餵養實驗），還需要運用能特定並精確地定量這些多胺和其影響的方法，來進行實驗室動物長期餵養實驗，才能夠進一步分析確定。State-of-the-art molecular profiling ‘omics’ methods could be used to deepen our understanding of the differences between GM plants and their non-GMO counterparts. This would enable scientists to improve the pre-commercial safety testing of GM plants by highlighting the presence of increased levels of known toxins (for example, certain polyamines found at increased levels in this study) or novel toxins and potentially allergenic substances.        最先進的分子剖析“組學”方法可讓我們深入瞭解轉基因作物及其非轉基因對應物的不同。這使得科學家可以通過檢測已知毒素的含量增加（例如本研究中發現的含量增加的某些多胺）或者新毒素和潛在過敏物質的存在，來改進轉基因作物商業化之前的安全檢測。The paper: FULL PAPER****文章：全文鏈接（http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37855）****Authors: Mesnage R, Agapito-Tenfen S, Vilperte V, Renney G, Ward M, Séralini GE, Nodari N, Antoniou MN.****作者：塞拉利尼，安東尼奧等。****An integrated multi-omics analysis of the NK603 Roundup-tolerant GM maize reveals metabolism disturbances caused by the transformation process. Scientific Reports, 2016; 6:37855.**對抗農達轉基因玉米NK603所作的整合多重組學分析顯示轉基因過程引起了代謝紊亂。《科學報告》，2016；6:37855。