QA:花木蘭是中國歷史上的真實人物嗎？_風聞

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正文原創翻譯：

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Just finished the movie Hua Mulan. Have some questions out of curiosity.

If she really exist, how did she manage to hide her female identity in the military? Pardon me, women have things like menstruation monthly, go toilet every day and simply look different when taking a bath. Is it really possible?

剛剛看完電影《花木蘭》。我出於好奇，有一些問題。

如果她真的存在，她要怎樣才能隱藏她的女性身份？原諒我，女人每個月都有月經，每天要上廁所，洗澡的時候身體看起來根本不一樣。她真的有可能隱藏這些嗎？

評論翻譯

原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：星際聖母 轉載請註明出處

Philip Naudus

Up until the Qing dynasty, historians agreed that Mulan was a real person. Several Ming dynasty historians even acknowledged the Ballad of Mulan as her autobiography.

The earliest surviving manuscxt to mention Mulan dates back to 850 AD. In his book Duyizhi, Li Rong wrote a single sentence about Mulan:

Long ago, a woman named Mulan took her father’s place in battle. She wore military garments for thirteen years, and her comrades never discovered that she was a woman. (Original Chinese text)

Around a hundred years later, Guo Maoqian compiled a collection of poems into a book, which included the Ballad of Mulan. Because Guo explicitly mentions that he retrieved this poem from the Musical Records of Old and New (which have now been lost), most historians believe that the Ballad of Mulan predates Duyizhi.

The complete text of the Ballad of Mulan appears below (calligraphy by Song dynasty calligrapher Mi Fu). You can read an English translation here.

直到清朝，歷史學家才贊同花木蘭確有其人。有幾位明朝的歷史學家甚至認同《木蘭詩》是她的自傳。

現存最早提到花木蘭的作品要追溯到公元850年。在《獨異志》一書中，李亢關於花木蘭的描寫只有一句：

“很久以前，一名叫做花木蘭的女子替父出征。她身穿軍裝13年，她的戰友從未發現她是個女人。”

大概幾百年後，郭茂倩編撰收錄了一本詩集，其中包括《木蘭詩》。由於郭茂倩明確提到這首詩是他從新舊樂府（現在已經遺失）中還原得來的，大部分歷史學家認為《木蘭詩》的寫作時間早於《獨異志》。

木蘭辭的全文如下（書法作者為宋代書法家米芾）。你可以在這個鏈接中看到英文翻譯。

Sadly, some details were altered while Mulan’s story was being passed down. For instance, Li Rong states that Mulan went to war for thirteen years while Guo Maoqian’s version of the Ballad of Mulan says that she was away for twelve years. But the important question to ask is whether any significant alterations were made to Mulan’s story before it was finally written down. Unfortunately, we have no way of answering this question. So, most modern historians are quite pessimistic and assume that the entire tale is nothing more than a legend.

This does not mean that Mulan is fictional. While it’s possible that she was a real person, we just can’t reconstruct her true story with any degree of accuracy.

可悲的是，當木蘭的故事一代一代往下傳誦的時候，有的細節被改變了。比如，李亢的陳述説木蘭入伍打仗去了13年，而郭茂倩版的《木蘭詩》説她去了12年。但是重要的問題是，在木蘭的故事最終被寫下之前，故事有沒有任何重大改變。不幸的是，我們沒有辦法回答這個問題。所以，大部分現代歷史學家對此非常悲觀，他們推測這整個故事只是一個傳説。

這不是説木蘭是虛構人物。她有可能是真實存在的人物，只是我們沒有任何事實依據來重構她的真實故事。

原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：星際聖母 轉載請註明出處

However, this has not stopped historians from trying to discover the historical Mulan. Ming dynasty historian Zhu Guozhen wrote an argument in favor of using women in the army, citing Mulan as precedence. Later, two other historians reproduced printings of the Ballad of Mulan, citing Mulan herself as the author. (However, Guo Maoqian wrote several centuries earlier that the author of the Ballad of Mulan is unknown; it is unlikely that these historians had somehow uncovered the author’s true identity.)

So, was Mulan a real person? Maybe. It’s hard to say.

I did some digging around in some art galleries, and this is the earliest painting of Mulan I could find (by Ming dynasty artist Tang Yin).

If Mulan was a real person, she might have looked like this. But the one thing we do know is that she did not look like this:

然而，這並沒有阻止歷史學家們探究歷史上的木蘭。明朝歷史學家朱國禎寫過一篇支持女子入伍當兵的評論文章，文中例舉了木蘭的事蹟。後來，又有兩名歷史學家重印了《木蘭詩》，並把木蘭本人列為作者。（然而，郭茂倩早在幾個世紀之前就寫道《木蘭詩》的作者未知；這些歷史學家不可能莫名其妙地知曉作者的真實身份）

所以，木蘭是否確有其人？也許有。很難説。

我在一些美術館搜尋過，這是我能找到的最早的有關木蘭的畫（作者為明朝的唐寅）。

如果歷史上確有木蘭其人，她可能看起來像這個樣子。但是我們都知道她看起來不會像這個樣子：

Brandon Bohrer

Out of curiosity, do you know why she was historically considered real and later considered fictional? Wikipedia mentions that she is usually considered fictional today and points to her story not being in “Exemplary Women” which was a record of historical Northern Wei women but that her story was in One Hundred Beauties which covered women in folklore.

Obviously Wikipedia is not the end-all-be-all, but I would like to read your thoughts.

出於好奇問一下，你知道為什麼她在歷史上被認為是真實存在的、後來又被認為是虛構的嗎？維基百科提到，現如今人們通常認為她是虛構人物，她的事蹟沒有被記錄北魏歷代女子突出事蹟的《列女傳》所收錄，但是描繪女性民俗傳説的《百美圖》收錄了她的故事。

顯然維基百科並不是毫無錯漏的，不過我想聽聽你的想法

Philip Naudus

Modern historians are much more skeptical of what they consider to be authentic than they were in ancient times.

In ancient times, historians didn’t have the resources to research events with extreme rigor. If they went to a library, they might miss a resource that was only held by a library in another province.

Thanks to an increase in the speed at which information can be amassed from different provinces in China (and all over the world), we have now found that Mulan had many different “localized” histories.

Igor Sabirov

Mulan originally was most probably an interpretation or even translation of original Tuoba folk song. There are of course many variations of this song, the oldest being perhaps 木蘭辭 from Northern Wei. Mulan was exceptionally popular during Tang when many altars and shrines were set up in her name. Tang was one cosmopolitical empire and ruling Li family was of Tuoba/Yuwen origin, which may partially explain Mulan’s huge popularity at the time.

If one look at the verse itself, its non-Huaxia nature becomes obvious. For example, she strangely calls the emperor 可汗, that is hakan, a supreme title for the steppe empires from Rourans (with whom historical Mulan would have fought) up to Mongols.

Moreover, among other things the ballad says

Or roughly

The male rabbit hops from the beginning;

the female rabbit’s eyes are misty;

Both rabbits are running along the ground;

how can you tell whether I am male or female?

木蘭的故事最初可能只是對起源於拓拔部的一則民謠的解釋甚至翻譯。當然，這則民謠有很多版本，最古老的版本也許就是北魏的《木蘭辭》了。在唐代，木蘭的故事格外受歡迎，人們設立了很多以她命名的祭台和廟宇。唐朝是一個世界性的帝國，統治者李氏家族來自拓拔部/宇文氏，這也許在一定程度上解釋了為何木蘭當時大受歡迎。

如果你看看這首詩本身，其非華夏的屬性就非常明顯。比如，讓人莫名其妙的是，她稱呼皇帝為可汗，這是從柔然（即歷史上木蘭與之交戰的勢力）到蒙古等各草原帝國的最高頭銜。

另外，詩中寫道：

雄 兔 腳 撲 朔

雌 兔 眼 迷 離

兩 兔 傍 地 走

安 能 辨 我 是 雄 雌

原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：星際聖母 轉載請註明出處

This passage looks a bit weird and actually is not motivated by the flow of the poem. She pretended to be a a male so no one can tell, but what the use of these jumping and misty eyes passages? It seems that a Chinese verse simply preserve it from the Tuoba [?] original in the Yuefu library. The History of Northern Wei lists lots of Tuoba books, of which most unfortunately nothing remains to stay, this could have been an excerpt from a song book, which are listed as well. To add an argument, 撲朔 and 迷離 definitely do not look very Chinese. These verbs do exist in dictionaries as this is actually a chengyu in modern Chinese but just as hapax legomena. It’s either this very poem or its citations were we can see them.

這一段看起來有點怪，事實上破壞了詩的流暢性。她把自己裝扮成男人，這樣就沒人知道她是女人，但是為什麼要用腳撲朔和眼迷離這些句子？看起來這只是從《樂府詩集》拓拔卷中留傳下來的一首中文詩歌。《魏書》中例舉了大量拓拔書籍，最不幸的是，這些書籍如今沒有一本留存於世，這首詩可能是《魏書》中列舉的其中一本拓拔詩集收錄的詩。還有一點，撲朔和迷離看起來肯定沒有什麼中文特徵。字典裏的確有這兩個動詞，因為這其實是現代中文裏的一個成語，但是這兩個詞是罕用語。我們可以看到，要麼這首詩有點怪，要麼它的舉例有點怪。

Plus, the rabbit (a hare) theme is reflected in Mulan’s name as well. 木蘭 should be read something close to *muklan in Middle Chinese. Which is somewhat close to old Altaic (Turkic, Mongolian and Manchurian) words for rabbit/hare/jerboa, e.g. Chuvash molgač which ultimately stems from earlier *molganč, that is simply “jumper”.

Symbolically, Chinese had two types of rabbits. One is the Moon rabbit, often connected to Xiwangmu, the other a Buddhist hero who literally sacrifices itself to Buddha by feeding him with its flesh. Both doesn’t really fit the poem and Buddhism was severely persecuted most of the Northern Wei.

另外，免子（野免）的主題也反應在了木蘭的名字上。木蘭在中古漢語中的讀音應該類似“莫克蘭”（譯註：這位網友是俄羅斯人，不知道他的依據是什麼，但是上古漢語中確實有雙音節漢字，比如“疙瘩”是從上古漢語中“結”的發音演變而來的，至於中古漢語中“木”的發音是不是“莫克”就不得而知了）。在某種程度上，“莫克蘭”跟阿爾泰語系（突厥文、蒙古文和滿文）裏免子/野免/跳鼠一詞的發音類似，例如楚瓦什語裏的“molgač”，這個詞基本上源於一個更早的詞彙“molganč”，意思是“跳躍”。

具有象徵性的地方是，中國以前有兩種兔子。一種是月兔，另一種是佛教徒的英雄，它把自己的肉獻給了佛祖食用。兩者都不符合詩中描寫的免子，而且在北魏統治期間，大部分時候佛教徒都受到了殘酷的迫害。

Matthew Higdon

Probably not.

“Hua Mulan” was a female warrior of imperial Chinese legend.

Her name first appears in the historical record in a folkloric tale known as the Ballad of Mulan. As originally told, the story of her origins and military prowess took place sometimes during the Northern Wei period (late 300s to early 500s CE).

大概不是真的。

“花木蘭”是中國帝國時代傳説的一位女戰士。

民間傳説《木蘭辭》是最早記錄她名字的歷史資料。據這份最早的資料敍述，她的身世故事和英勇事蹟發生在北魏朝（公元3世紀末至公元5世紀初）的某個時期.