美國鼓吹“清潔網絡”，根本目的是為了維護自身網絡霸權_風聞

作者：蘭順正

首發自:CGTN

最近一段時間以來，美國部分政客不斷炒作所謂“清潔網絡”計劃。2020 年 4 月 29 日，美國國務卿蓬佩奧宣佈，美國國務院將開始要求為所有進出美國外交設施的 5G 網絡流量實行 5G 清潔路徑計劃，要求禁用一切被認為“不可信”的 IT 供應商（包括中興和華為）通過包括傳輸、控制、計算或存儲設備在內的方式接入任何國家和運營商的 5G 網絡。該計劃被納入 2020 年 6 月推出的“清潔網絡”計劃當中。隨後，美國又在 2020 年 8 月 5 日更新清潔網絡計劃，在 5G 清潔路徑計劃的基礎上推出了五項新的計劃來“保護美國的電信運營商網絡和基礎設施”。這5項計劃分別是:

清潔商店：將中文應用程序從美國移動應用程序商店中刪除。

清潔應用程序：在美國銷售的中國製造的智能手機將不能預安裝或提供任何中文應用程序

清潔雲：避免美國企業使用中國互聯網企業的雲計算產品（包括阿里巴巴，百度和騰訊）

清潔運營商：確保中國電信運營商沒有進入美國網絡

清潔海底電纜：確保海底電纜被正確使用

明顯的是，所謂的“清潔網絡”計劃是要在中美之間樹立起一道“數字牆”，欲將中國企業排除在全球網絡建設之外。如果該計劃得以實施，不僅意味着大量的中國App將無法進入美國市場，而且在美國銷售的中國製造的智能手機或可能無法預置美國的App，另外中美海底網絡也會將面臨局部斷網的風險。

美國方面力推“清潔網絡”計劃的目的，是利用國家力量採取單邊行動對中國企業進行圍堵，以維護美國的網絡霸權地位。目前，美國在網絡空間擁有絕對的優勢，美國既是互聯網技術最主要的發源地，也是網絡根域名解析服務器最大的控制國。現在包括操作系統、芯片設計、軟件等在內，全球互聯網產業鏈上的每個關鍵環節基本都被美國所主宰。此外，美國還通過制定全球通用的互聯網技術標準，以及網絡空間國際規則，幫助美國進一步鞏固其優勢。但是，隨着近年來中國在以5G為代表的先進網絡信息技術和數字經濟發展方面取得領先，讓美國感到自身網絡霸權地位開始受到威脅，其國內所謂“紅色技術威脅”或是“數字東方主義”的論調逐步盛行，於是將矛頭對準對中國科技企業實施遏制和打壓，而“清潔網絡”計劃就是其重要手段之一。

通過分析可以看出，一方面“清潔網絡”計劃帶有濃厚的主觀色彩，其對“清潔”的定義充斥着意識形態偏見，主要以是否是中國供應商來判斷是否“清潔”。另一方面，“清潔網絡”計劃基本覆蓋全供應鏈生態閉環，可以説是美國在對中國網絡產業長期研究和深度解剖基礎上提出的精準打擊策略。自8月初重提“清潔網絡”計劃以來，美國方面不僅點名了包括華為、中國移動等在內的7家中國科技公司，聲稱正加緊努力從美國數字網絡中下架“不可信”的中國應用，而且將抖音海外版TikTok和微信列為美國的“重大威脅”，對其採取封殺舉措。

不難推測，在互聯網時代每個國家都有自主選擇自己的可信供應商和可信服務的自由，而“清潔網絡”計劃企圖以意識形態劃分數字信任標準，給全球科技產品供應商打上不同政治標籤，人為切割互聯網生態鏈，不僅會對各方經濟利益造成系統性損害，也將擾亂全球信息通信產業鏈和供應鏈。中國也許是美國“清潔網絡”計劃的首要目標，當絕不會是唯一受影響者，美國的數字霸權行為對整個國際社會和數字產業都會帶來危害。

對此，各方紛紛表達了對於“清潔網絡”計劃的反對意見。如BBC就發表文章指出，所謂的“清潔網絡”計劃釋放的信號令人擔憂，其助長了互聯網全球化的破裂。文章援引英國薩里大學的計算機安全專家艾倫·伍德沃德的話稱，“美國政府長期以來一直批評其他國家控制互聯網的訪問……現在我們看到美國人在做同樣的事情。”而該計劃同樣遭到美國國內的批駁，近日美國外交學會發表題為《“清潔網絡”計劃的問題在哪？中國不能加入》的文章，該機構高級研究員羅伯特·K·克納克認為，“清潔網絡”計劃將中國排除在外，並非美國當前真正需要的網絡計劃。美國應當組建任何國家都能加入的“數字貿易區”，通過施加市場影響力與推進互聯網自由，更妥善地應對中國在數字領域日益增長的影響力。

綜上，正如新華社所説的那樣：強行剝離既有合作的做法，違背市場經濟規律和企業自主意願，最終只會像“飛去來器”一樣傷及自身。美方應儘早停止不得人心的科技霸凌，放棄不切實際的脱鈎謬論，為各國企業提供公平、公正、開放、非歧視的商業環境，還世界一個自由、開放、安全的網絡空間，讓安全、可靠、優質信息技術為全球經濟復甦和各國人民美好生活提供新動力。

（以下為英文原文）

U.S.’s ‘Clean Network’ serves to maintain its cyber hegemony

Lan Shunzheng***Editor’s note:*Lan Shunzheng is a research fellow at Charhar Institute and a member of the Chinese Institute of Command and Control. The article reflects the author’s opinions, and not necessarily the views of CGTN.

Recently some American politicians have been hyping up the so-called “Clean Network” plan.

The U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced in April that the state department will start demanding a clean path for all 5G network traffic in and out of U.S. diplomatic facilities and disabling all be considered “not credible” IT vendors (including ZTE and Huawei).

The plan is part of a “Clean Network” initiative launched in June 2020. Subsequently, the U.S. updated its “Clean Network” Plan on August 5, 2020, and launched five new plans based on the 5G Clean Path initiative to “protect the network and infrastructure of the U.S. telecom operators.” The five programs are:

- Clean Carrier: Make sure Chinese telecom carriers don’t have access to U.S. networks.

- Clean Store: Remove Chinese apps from U.S. mobile app stores.

- Clean Apps: Chinese smartphone makers will not be able to pre-install any U.S. companies’ apps.

- Clean Cloud: American citizens’ and businesses’ data is not allowed to be stored on cloud services provided by Chinese Internet companies.

- Clean Cable: Ensure that communication through undersea cables is not intercepted by China.

Obviously, the so-called “Clean Network” initiative aims to erect a “digital wall” between China and the U.S. and to exclude Chinese companies from global network building. It is being pushed by the U.S. unilaterally to contain Chinese companies and maintain the U.S.’s cyber hegemony.

A logo of the video-sharing social networking company TikTok’s Los Angeles Office in Culver City, Los Angeles County, the U.S., August 21, 2020. /Xinhua

The U.S. is not only the most important source of Internet technology, but also the country that controls the most root DNS servers. It dominates virtually every key link in the global Internet industry chain, including operating systems, chip design and software. In addition, the United States has helped solidify its advantage by setting common global Internet technology standards and international rules for cyberspace.

But as China has taken the lead in recent years in advanced network information technology (represented by 5G) and digital economy, the U.S. feels threatened and thus begins to use terms, such as “red technology threat” and “digital orientalism” as well as the “Clean Network” initiative to curb and crack down on Chinese tech companies.

On the one hand, the “Clean Network” is highly subjective – its definition of “clean” is full of ideological bias, mainly judging by whether it is a Chinese supplier.

On the other hand, its plan basically covers the whole closed-loop supply chain, which means it is a precision strike at China’s network industry.

China may be the primary target of the U.S. “Clean Network” initiative, but it will by no means be the only affected. The U.S.’s hegemonic behavior will harm the entire international community and the digital industry.

Various parties expressed their opposition to the “Clean Network” initiative.

The BBC has pointed out in an article that the initiative is sending worrying signals that are contributing to the breakdown of the Internet’s globalization.

Alan Woodward, a computer security expert at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom, was quoted saying, “The U.S. government has for a long time criticized other countries for controlling access to the Internet… and now we see the Americans doing the same thing.”

Forced divestment of existing cooperation, contrary to the laws of market economy and the independent will of enterprises, will only hurt itself like a boomerang in the end. The U.S. should stop its unpopular tech bullying as soon as possible and abandon the myth of unrealistic decoupling.

We need to provide a fair, just, open, and non-discriminatory business environment for companies from all countries and create a free, open, and secure cyberspace in the world. Safe, reliable, and high-quality information technology will provide new impetus to economic recovery and a better life for people across the globe.