東南亞曾經有過帝國嗎？_風聞

【來源龍騰網】

I always see stuff and history about the Mongols, the Japanese and the Chinese Empires. But I wonder if apart from those 3, any countries further down South, in the SEA region ever had Empires? And successful conquests of other territories.

我只看到有關蒙古、日本和中華帝國的歷史。但我想知道，除了這三個國家，在東南亞地區是否曾經存在過帝國，併成功征服其他領土？

評論翻譯：

Abba_Fiskbullar

You beat me to the Khmer! They had good hydrological engineering, and were able to grow enough rice to feed both a massive population and an army. Visiting Angkor Wat, you only see the jungle and the stone temples, the canals and reservoirs, but not the massive grid city, with multistory wood buildings and palaces that once composed a city of a million people.

高棉戳到我了！他們有優秀的水利工程，種植的水稻能夠供養龐大的人口和軍隊。參觀吳哥窟，你只會看到叢林、石廟、運河和水庫，而不是龐大的網格城市，城市裏有多層木結構的建築和宮殿，這些曾經構成百萬人口的城市。

KoiGreenTea

Agree with this completely. The majapahit empire was such a naval power it blew my mind to see exactly how much of the surrounding islands it conquered lol - plus it’s very much relevant to Indonesian history and national identity,,,, and gods only know exactly how important Indonesia is in Southeast Asian affairs

完全同意你説的話。滿者伯夷帝國有着非常強大的海軍，在知道它征服了周邊多少島嶼的時候我都震驚了，再加上它對印度尼西亞的歷史和國家認同很重要，而印度尼西亞在東南亞事務中又具有及其重要的地位。

SYLOH

The Majapahit Empire survived something most empire did not:

They insulted/mutilated ambassadors from the Mongols.

But the Mongol horses can’t ride on water.

滿者伯夷帝國延續了下來，但其他帝國則沒有。

他們羞辱了蒙古人的使節。

但蒙古人的馬無法渡水。

theshadypineapple

The Mongols apparently didn’t do too well in South Asia in general though, the heat was not something their soldiers or equipment were used to.

蒙古人在南亞的表現不太好，炎熱的天氣讓他們的士兵和裝備無法適應。

votes0nly

Yep, pre-colonial Philippines probably didn’t have any empires, but they did have a handful of thriving city-states, highlander tribes, pirate nations, and hindu/muslim kingdoms. All of these were very different in culture and form, with different international relations (some were tributaries of China for example) and all of them were only ever truly unified into “the Philippines” with the arrival of the Americans who consolidated the highlands of Luzon and finalized the maritime border between Borneo and Mindanao.

So yeah, no empire. But IMHO the Philippines is so diverse (yet self-contained) and densely populated that it can be reorganized into a semi-cosmopolitan empire right now, if it wanted to, much in the same style as Japan had been the past few centuries.

是的，被殖民前的菲律賓沒有過帝國。但他們確實有一些繁榮的城邦、高地部落、海盜國家、印度教或穆斯林王國。這些國家在文化和形式上都有很大的不同，國際關係也不同（比如有些就是中國的支流），只有當美國人到來後，鞏固了呂宋，確定了婆羅洲和棉蘭老島之間的海上邊界後，這些國家才真正的統一為“菲律賓”。

所以，是的，菲律賓沒有帝國。但在我看來，菲律賓非常的多樣化，且人口眾多，如果它們想的話，可以立即統一成半世界性的帝國，就像幾百年前的日本一樣。

balthizor1

Malacca Empire/Sultanate, was around for a short time but controlled most of the wealth along the Strait of Malacca (major trading port and control point for trade between the Indian Ocean trade complex/network and the ports of Canton) during the 15th and 16th centuties. It fell due to an invasion by the Portuguese.

馬六甲帝國或蘇丹國曾短暫存在過，但在15到16世紀的時候控制了馬六甲海峽的大部分財富。它因葡萄牙人的入侵而沒落。

Haksoski

Yes, the kingdoms of Ava in Myanmar, majapahit in indonesia, the Khmer in cambodia, Ayyuatha in Thailand, the sultanate of Malaya are just some examples.

緬甸的東籲王朝、印度尼西亞的滿者伯夷、柬埔寨的高棉、泰國的阿瑜陀耶王朝、馬來亞的蘇丹國就是一些例子。

ZevKyogre

Well, there’s the Khmer Empire, and Thailand had its empire, but everything else was dominated by China to the north, or India to the west (Maurya, Mughal).

Indonesia and Malaysia did have empires, and you can take a look here for a surface-scratching uation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4zGw2OewIk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1suZVUoxCA (for the Polynesians).

Empires, a term used to denote a cohesive conquest, isn’t going to be easy when you have islands that can defend themselves, and declare autonomy. Britain never really got absorbed into Europe (since the Roman conquest) and Japan never got absorbed into Asia - islands have that nice buffer to decide whether they want to accept other influences. Korea couldn’t really refuse China, and France couldn’t really refuse Germany (or vice-versa). But the islands had a better chance of picking and choosing influences, and even among islands, forming a cohesive state is less likely.

有高棉帝國，泰國也曾有過帝國，但其他的都被北邊的中國或西邊的印度(孔雀王朝、莫卧兒王朝)支配。

印尼和馬來西亞確實有帝國，可以看看下面的【鏈接】大概瞭解一下。

帝國，一個用來象徵征服的詞語，但當有島嶼可以用來防禦的時候，想要征服並不容易。英國從來沒有真正被歐洲所吞併，日本也從來沒有被亞洲吞併，島國擁有良好的緩衝，可以拒絕接受其他帝國的影響。朝鮮無法真正的拒絕中國，法國也不能真正的拒絕德國（或反過來）。島國擁有選擇或拒絕接受影響的機會，即使在各個島國間，形成一個統一國家的可能性也很低。

FCU-hoppa

There are a some SE Asian empires you missed my friend. The Taungoo empire, short lived, but covering most of SEA for instance. But at its the Ayuthaya dynasty could definitely be considered an empire too. As does the Pagan one. SEA may be influenced by Indian states and Chinese dynasties but they were sure as hell not dominated.

你漏掉了一些東南亞帝國。比如東籲帝國，存在的時間短暫，但曾掌控東南亞大部分地區。但阿瑜陀耶王朝絕對可以算作一個帝國。蒲甘也可以算一個。東南亞或許受到了印度各個國家和中華王朝的影響，但絕不是支配。

kangcore

Some great examples cited here - Khmer, Srivijaya, Majapahit. I think its also very important to note that historical South East Asian polities tended not to conform to traditional European or Chinese conceptions of a physical state with clearly delineated borders, but rather conformed more to spheres of influence - and the loyalties of a particular region tended to follow the wax and wane of various centres of influence. This is known as the Mandala polity model

有些不錯的例子：高棉、三佛齊、滿者伯夷。我認為有一點要注意的是，在歷史上，東南亞的政體往往與傳統歐洲或中國概念上的政體不同，它更像是勢力範圍，某個地區的忠誠往往隨着勢力中心的興衰而變化。這就是曼荼羅政體模式。

nerupu_kumaru

I’m surprised no one here’s mentioning Chola dynasty.The Cholas ruled for more than 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-ruling families in human history. Cholas had one of the most efficient navy of their time.At its peak, the Chola Navy was Asia’s largest navy, with blue-water capabilities, and a personnel strength of a million men.Between 900 and 1100 CE, the navy grew from a small backwater entity to a potent maritime and diplomatic force across Asia, with maritime trade lixs extending from Arabia to China.

我很驚訝，這裏竟然沒有人提到朱羅王朝。朱羅王朝延續了1500多年，是人類歷史上在位時間最長的家族之一。朱羅王朝擁有當時最強大的海軍之一。在它的鼎盛時期，朱羅海軍是亞洲最龐大的海軍，具有遠洋能力，達到100萬人。在公元900年至1100年之間，他們的海軍從小而落後發展到橫跨亞洲的強大海上、外交力量，海上貿易聯繫從阿拉伯延伸到中國。

deezee72

One thing to note is that SE Asia has relatively little written documentation. Written records in native SE Asian languages don’t appear until the earliest Khmer scxts in the 7th century.

Even then, Khmer language histories are relatively sparse. Despite the fact that the Khmer language was literate, many of our major sources on the Khmer Empire come from foreign (especially Chinese) writing. For instance, the main written source regarding the golden age of Angkor comes from the Yuan dynasty diplomat Zhou Daguan and his report, The Customs of Cambodia.

As a result, other than Vietnam (which was a territory of the Chinese empire for much of its history until 938 and again from 1407-1427), most Southeast Asian countries don’t have a lot of written history, which in turn limits what we know about Southeast Asian history.

For instance, for a long time historians believed that there was a proto-Khmer empire prior to the 6th century (known as Funan in the Chinese sources), but historians increasingly believe that Funan was actually a cultural region consisting of independent city states.

有一點要注意，東南亞流傳下來用文字書寫的文獻記錄相對稀少。東南亞本土語言的書面記錄，直到7世紀才最早出現了高棉文字。

即使是那時，用高棉語記錄的歷史也相對稀少。儘管高棉擁有文字，但關於高棉帝國的主要資料，許多都來源於外國（特別是中國）的文字。例如，有關吳哥王朝黃金時代的主要書面資料，來源於元朝的外交官周達觀及其報告《真臘風土記》。

因此，除了越南（在938年以前，越南大部分時候都是中華帝國的領土，1407-1427年也是），大多數東南亞國家都沒有多少書面歷史，這限制了我們對東南亞歷史的瞭解。

例如，長期以來，歷史學家認為在6世紀之前有一個原高棉帝國(在中國資料中稱為扶南)，但歷史學家逐漸認為扶南實際上是一個由獨立城邦組成的文化區域。

oldwatchlover

Not an expert, and maybe not long lasting enough to be an “empire”, but I’d nominate Thailand (Siam). They were at their peak of power as western countries sailed into the east, I believe the only/largest country in that region that wasn’t colonized by England, France, Spain, or Portugal, as well as resisting other Asian powers during that time

我不是專家，也許它存續的時間不夠長久，不足以成為“帝國”，但我提名泰國（暹羅）。當西方國家向東方航行時，暹羅正處於其實力的巔峯期，我認為它是這個地區沒有被英國、法國、西班牙或葡萄牙殖民的唯一或最大的國家，也是那時候抵抗其他亞洲強國的唯一國家。

DudleysCar

You forgot the Dutch, but yes, Thailand is the only country in SEA that was never colonised by a Western power.

你忘了荷蘭，但確實，泰國是東南亞唯一沒有被西方列強殖民過的國家。

Ask_for_me_by_name

That was less about their power and more their geographic location between British Burma and French Indochina.

這跟它們的實力關係不大，跟他們在英屬緬甸和法屬印支之間的地理位置關係更大。

HippiesBeGoneInc

Correct. The only two countries in Asia which avoided colonization were Thailand and Japan, and perhaps China depending how you consider the unequal treaties and outright Western control of certain major cities. Thailand, however, did lose about 1/3 of its territory to France so maybe not them either.

確實。亞洲唯二沒有被殖民的國家就是泰國和日本，也許還有中國，這取決於你如何看待不平等條約和西方對某些主要城市的完全控制。然而，泰國確實有大約三分之一的領土被法國佔領了，所以它可能也不能算。

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