貓糞中發現的寄生蟲（弓形蟲）會增加人類患腦癌的風險_風聞

【來源龍騰網】

正文原創翻譯：

There is an association between Toxoplasma infection and glioma risk. The report found that people with gliomas were more likely to detect antibodies to Toxoplasma than people without such cancers.

Although glioma is a relatively rare disease, it is a highly lethal cancer. In 2018, there were an estimated 300,000 cases of brain and other cancers of the nervous system worldwide, with 241,000 deaths. Most malignant brain tumors are gliomas (80%).

弓形蟲感染與神經膠質瘤風險之間存在聯繫。報告發現，患有神經膠質瘤的人羣比未患此類癌症的人羣更容易檢測出弓形蟲抗體。

雖然膠質瘤是一種相對罕見的疾病，但它是一種高度致命的癌症。2018年，全球估計有30萬例腦癌和其他神經系統癌症病例，24.1萬例死亡。大多數惡性腦腫瘤是神經膠質瘤（80%）.

When should I be concerned about toxoplasmosis?

Generally, if you were infected with Toxoplasma before becoming pregnant your unborn child is protected by your immunity. Some experts suggest waiting for 6 months after a recent infection to become pregnant.

How do I know if I have been infected with Toxoplasma?

Your health care provider may suggest one or more varieties of blood tests to check for antibodies to Toxoplasma.

什麼時候應該擔心弓形蟲病?

一般來説，如果你在懷孕前感染了弓形蟲，你未出生的孩子會受到你的免疫系統的保護。所以一些專家建議如果感染弓形蟲病，等6個月再懷孕。

如何知道我是否感染了弓形蟲病?

一種或多種血液檢測，可以檢查弓形蟲抗體。

How can Toxoplasma affect my unborn child?

If you are newly infected with Toxoplasma while you are pregnant, or just before pregnancy, then you can pass the infection on to your baby. You may not have any symptoms from the infection. Most infected infants do not have symptoms at birth but can develop serious symptoms later in life, such as blindness or mental disability. Occasionally, infected newborns have serious eye or brain damage at birth.

弓形蟲如何影響我未出生的孩子?

如果你在懷孕期間或懷孕前剛剛感染弓形蟲，那麼你可能會傳染給你的孩子。你可能沒有任何感染的症狀。大多數受感染的嬰兒在出生時沒有症狀，但在以後的生活中可能會出現嚴重的症狀，如失明或精神殘疾。偶爾受感染的新生兒在出生時有嚴重的眼睛或大腦損傷。

How is toxoplasmosis spread?

**Cats play an important role in the spread of toxoplasmosis.

Cats play an important role in the spread of toxoplasmosis.

Cats play an important role in the spread of toxoplasmosis. They become infected by eating infected rodents, birds, or other small animals. The parasite is then passed in the cat’s feces. Kittens and cats can shed millions of parasites in their feces for as long as 3 weeks after infection. Cats and kittens prefer litter boxes, garden soils, and sandboxes for elimination, and you may be exposed unintentionally by touching your mouth after changing a litter box, or after gardening without gloves. Fruits and vegetables may have contact with contaminated soil or water also, and you can be infected by eating fruits and vegetables if they are not cooked, washed, or peeled.

Do I have to give up my cat if I’m pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant?

No. You should follow these helpful tips to reduce your risk of environmental exposure to Toxoplasma:

弓形蟲病是如何傳播的?貓在弓形蟲病的傳播中起着重要作用。

貓在弓形蟲病的傳播中起着重要作用。它們通過食用受感染的齧齒動物、鳥類或其他小動物而感染。然後寄生蟲通過貓的糞便傳播。貓在感染後的3周內，糞便中會釋放出數以百萬計的寄生蟲。貓更喜歡用貓砂、花園土壤和沙坑來掩埋糞便，你可能會在更換貓砂後或在不戴手套的情況下觸摸自己的嘴而無意感染。水果和蔬菜也可能接觸受污染的土壤或水，如果你吃沒有煮熟，清洗，或剝皮的水果和蔬菜，你就可能被感染。

如果我懷孕或準備懷孕，我必須放棄我的貓嗎?

不。你應該遵循以下提示，以減少你接觸弓形蟲的風險:

Avoid changing cat litter if possible. If no one else can perform the task, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands with soap and water afterwards.

Ensure that the cat litter box is changed daily. The Toxoplasma parasite does not become infectious until 1 to 5 days after it is shed in a cat’s feces.

Feed your cat commercial dry or canned food, not raw or undercooked meats.

Keep cats indoors.

Avoid stray cats, especially kittens. Do not get a new cat while you are pregnant.

Wear gloves when gardening and during contact with soil or sand because it might be contaminated with cat feces that contain Toxoplasma. Wash hands with soap and water after gardening or contact with soil or sand.

Is there treatment available for toxoplasmosis?

If you are infected during pregnancy, medication is available. You and your baby should be closely monitored during your pregnancy and after your baby is born.

儘可能避免親自更換貓砂。如果沒有其他人可以代勞完成這個任務，你得戴上一次性手套，然後用肥皂和水洗手。

確保每天更換貓砂盒。弓形蟲在貓排泄後1至5天才具有傳染性。

給你的貓喂工業生產的乾糧或罐頭食品，而不是生的或未煮熟的肉。

讓貓呆在室內。

遠離流浪貓，尤其是小貓。懷孕期間不要再養貓。

在做園藝，或與土壤或沙子接觸時要戴手套，因為土壤或沙子可能被含有弓形蟲的貓糞便污染。做完園藝或接觸泥土或沙子後，用肥皂和水洗手。

有沒有弓形蟲病的治療方法?

如果你是在懷孕期間感染的，藥物治療是可以的。在你懷孕期間和孩子出生後，你和你孩子的身體狀況都應該被密切關注。

You should also:

Cook food to safe temperatures. A food thermometer should be used to measure the internal temperature of cooked meat. Color is not a reliable indicator that meat has been cooked to a temperature high enough to kill harmful pathogens like Toxoplasma. Do not sample meat until it is cooked. USDA recommends the following for meat preparation:

你還應該:

把食物煮到安全的温度。應使用食物温度計測量熟肉的內部温度。顏色不是一個可靠的指標判斷肉已經煮到足夠熟，有害的病原體如弓形蟲已經被殺死。肉未煮熟前不要試吃。美國農業部對肉類加工建議如下:

For Whole Cuts of Meat (excluding poultry)

Cook to at least 145° F (63° C) as measured with a food thermometer placed in the thickest part of the meat, then allow the meat to rest for three minutes before carving or consuming.  *According to USDA, “A ‘rest time’ is the amount of time the product remains at the final temperature, after it has been removed from a grill, oven, or other heat source. During the three minutes after meat is removed from the heat source, its temperature remains constant , which destroys pathogens.”

For Ground Meat (excluding poultry)

Cook to at least 160° F (71° C); ground meats do not require a rest time.

For All Poultry (whole cuts and ground)

Cook to at least 165° F (74° C). The internal temperature should be checked in the innermost part of the thigh, innermost part of the wing, and the thickest part of the breast. Poultry do not require a rest time.

把食物温度計放置在肉的最厚的部分，整塊肉類(家禽肉除外)至少烹飪到145°F(63°C)，然後把煮熟的肉放置三分鐘，再切或進食。根據美國農業部的説法，‘放置時間’是指肉從烤架、烤箱或其他熱源取出後，保持温度的時間。在肉從熱源中取出後的三分鐘內，它的温度仍將基本保持不變，這就殺死了病原體。”

碎肉(家禽除外)烹飪到至少160°F(71°C);碎肉不需要放置時間。

所有家禽(整塊及碎肉)烹飪温度至少在165°F(74°C).內部温度應以大腿肉最內側，翅膀最內側和胸部最厚的部分為準。禽肉不需要放置時間。

Freeze meat for several days at sub-zero (below 0° F) temperatures before cooking to greatly reduce chance of infection. *Freezing does not reliably kill other parasites that may be found in meat (like certain species of Trichinella) or harmful bacteria. Cooking meat to USDA recommended internal temperatures is the safest method to destroy all parasites and other pathogens.

Peel or wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.

Wash cutting boards, dishes, counters, utensils, and hands with soapy water after contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, or unwashed fruits or vegetables.

Avoid drinking untreated water.

Do not drink unpasteurized goat’s milk.

Do not eat raw or undercooked oysters, mussels, or clams (these may be contaminated with Toxoplasma that has washed into seawater).0

Should a woman breastfeed her infant if she had contracted a Toxoplasma infection during her pregnancy?

Yes. Among healthy women, the possibility of breast milk transmission of Toxoplasma infection is not likely. While Toxoplasma infection has been associated with infants who consumed unpasteurized goat’s milk, there are no studies documenting breast milk transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in humans. In the event that a nursing woman experiences cracked and bleeding nipples or breast inflammation within several weeks immediately following an acute Toxoplasma infection (when the organism is still circulating in her bloodstream), it is theoretically possible that she could transmit Toxoplasma gondii to the infant through her breast milk. Immune suppressed women could have circulating Toxoplasma for even longer periods of time. However, the likelihood of human milk transmission is very small.

在烹飪之前，將肉在零下温度冷凍幾天，可以大大減少感染的機會。冷凍並不能殺死其他可能存在於肉類中的寄生蟲(如某些種類的旋毛蟲)或有害細菌。按照美國農業部建議的內部温度烹飪肉類是消滅所有寄生蟲和其他病原體的最安全的方法。

吃水果和蔬菜前要徹底削皮或清洗。

接觸生肉、家禽、海鮮或未清洗的水果或蔬菜後，用肥皂水清洗砧板、盤子、櫃枱、器皿和手。

避免飲用未經處理的水。

不要飲用未經高温消毒的羊奶。

不要生吃或未煮熟的牡蠣、貽貝或蛤蜊(這些可能被衝進海水的弓形蟲污染)。

如果一個婦女在懷孕期間感染了弓形蟲，她應該母乳餵養她的嬰兒嗎?

是的。在健康婦女中，通過母乳傳播弓形蟲的可能性不大。雖然弓形蟲感染與嬰兒食用未經巴氏消毒的羊奶有關，但沒有研究記錄顯示弓形蟲通過人體母乳傳播。如果一名哺乳婦女在急性弓形蟲感染後的幾周內發生乳頭出血或乳房炎症(當弓形蟲仍在她的血液中循環時)，從理論上講，她可能通過她的母乳將弓形蟲傳染給嬰兒。弓形蟲在免疫力差的婦女體內循環更長的時間。然而，母乳傳播的可能性很小。