早期人類是如何在沒有船的情況下從非洲播散到各大洲的?_風聞

【來源龍騰網】

評論原創翻譯：

Profile photo for Joseph Fulginiti

They mainly walked. During the last Ice Age sea levels were considerably lower than they are now exposing land bridges. There were also periods of time that the impassable desserts were more lush.

Now, depending on what you mean by early humans, they also “island hopped”. Taking small rafts or canoes from one island to the next. That’s how the original indigenous peoples reached Australia about 50,000 years ago. It is now believed the South American settlers may have hugged the North American coastline on boats until they reached the southern continent. (Of course they stopped for bathroom breaks.)

他們主要靠走。在上一個冰河時期，海平面比現在露出來的陸橋要低得多。也有段時期，不可逾越的沙漠更廣闊。現在取決於你所説的早期人類是什麼意思，他們乘小木筏或獨木舟從一個島到下一個島。這就是5萬年前土著居民到達澳大利亞的方法。現在人們相信，南美的定居者可能是乘船沿着北美的海岸線到達南部大陸的。(他當然們也會停下來上個廁所。)

Profile photo for Claire Jordan

The first humans to leave Africa seem to have done so from the Horn of Africa to Yemen. At its narrowest point the Red Sea is iirc nine miles across - close enough that they could see trees and grass on the far side - and there’s an island partway, so they only had to paddle their canoes or rafts a few miles at a time. At a pinch they could even have swum across. It’s also possible to walk from Egypt to Israel overland, provided you have a couple of days’ supply of food and water with you.

That gave humans access to Asia and Europe - from the Middle East, they just had to walk. Humans penetrated as far east as Kamchatka, then crossed to Alaska either by walking across the land bridge which existed at the time, or by canoeing along the edge of it, camping on land at night. From there they could get to anywhere in the mainland Americas by walking.

The only time proper sea-going ships were required was to get from the south of mainland Asia to Indonesia, Australia and various small islands. We must assume that by that point they had developed better canoes and rafts, like the ones used to settle the Pacific islands. But note that humans only made it as far as New Zealand less than a thousand years ago.

第一批離開非洲的人類似乎是從非洲之角（譯註:非洲之角又稱東北非洲，作為一個半島，則又稱索馬里半島，位於非洲東北部，是東非的一個半島，在亞丁灣南岸，向東伸入阿拉伯海數百公里）到達也門。紅海最窄的地方只有九英里寬，近得可以看到遠處對岸的樹木和草地，中間還有個島，所以他們每次只需要劃幾英里的獨木舟或木筏。必要時他們甚至可以游過去。你也可以走陸路從埃及到以色列，只要你帶了幾天的食物和水。通過中東，人類得以穿越亞歐兩州，只是不得不步行。人類向東深入到堪察加半島，然後通過當時存在的大陸橋穿越到阿拉斯加，或者沿着它的邊緣劃獨木舟，晚上就在陸地上露營。從那裏他們可以步行到美洲大陸的任何地方。唯一需要正規海船的是從亞洲大陸南部到印度尼西亞、澳大利亞和各種小島的時期。我們必須假設，在那時，他們已經發明瞭更好的獨木舟和木筏，就像在太平洋島嶼上定居的那種。但請注意，人類在不到一千年前才到達新西蘭。

Profile photo for Arni Highfield

You should read the book, or watch the BBC documentary ‘The Incredible Human Journey’ by Dr. Alice Roberts

This describes precisely what you are asking.

你應該讀讀書，或者看看英國廣播公司(BBC)的紀錄片《不可思議的人類之旅》，作者是愛麗絲·羅伯茨博士。這正好描述了你想問的。

Piet Bakx

We do not know when the first humans left Africa. We have two glaciations in our human past. One from 238k to 126k years ago and one from 110k to 12k years ago. The sea level was more that 100m lower during those glaciations. The interglacial between the first and second glaciation is rather short compared with the length of the glaciations. The tropical regions were very well suited for humans and during the interglacial they could have moved to the north. I have never seen articles about presence of humans in the America’s during the interglacial between 126k and 110k. The Neanderthal humans could have been living and roaming the European fields and forests during the interglaciation. Also the Denisovan humans lived during these millennia in Asia.

我們不知道第一批人類是何時離開非洲的。人類歷史上有兩次冰期。一個是從23.8萬年前到12.6萬年前，另一個是從11萬年前到1.2萬年前。在那些冰河時期，海平面要低100多米。第一次和第二次間冰期之間的間冰期相對較短。熱帶地區非常適合人類，在間冰期，他們可以向北遷移。我從來沒有見過關於在間冰期12.6萬年前到11萬年前之間的美國有人類存在的文章。尼安德特人可能在間冰期生活在歐洲的田野和森林裏。此外，丹尼索瓦人在亞洲生活了數千年。

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Kevin De la Bat

You have made an assumption that early humans didn’t have boats.

Yes they may not have had complex ships, but are rafts and dugout canoes so hard to make? The only raw materials needed are an axe and trees.

So all that is missing is an idea, would it be so hard to see a tree floating past and think “I could get on that”

The Polynesians explored the entire pacific with basically that tool kit. An idea, trees and stone tools.

The Pesse canoe has been carbon dated to around 8000 BCE.

你假設了早期人類沒有船。是的，他們可能沒有複雜的船，但木筏和獨木舟就那麼難做嗎?唯一需要的原材料是一把斧頭和樹木。

所以我們缺少的只是一個概念，看到一棵漂浮的樹想着"我能乘那個"，就這麼難嗎？

波利尼西亞人就是用這種工具探索了整個太平洋。一個想法，樹木和石器。經碳測定，雲杉獨木舟的年代約為公元前8000年。

Steve Dutch

They walked from Africa to Asia and thence to Europe. During the Pleistocene, when sea level was lower, they walked to the Americas. Although they could also have used boats, which existed by that time. Boats are also how they got to Australia.

他們從非洲走到亞洲，再從那裏走到歐洲。在海平面較低的更新世（譯註:更新世是冰川作用活躍的時期，開始於1 806 000年（±5000年）前，結束於11 550年前，是構成地球歷史的第四紀冰川的兩個世中較長的第一個世，在此期間發生了一系列冰川期和間冰川期氣候迴旋）時期，他們步行到了美洲。儘管他們也可以使用當時已經存在的船。他們也是通過船隻到達澳大利亞的。

Chris Spencer

Africa, Asia and Europe are all part of the same landmass - no boats required.

The Americas are joined, and it is usually thought that humans arrived there during an ice age, when sea levels were much lower, and there was a land bridge from Asia to Alaska. However, that was well after boats were invented, so they could just as easily have moved along the shore.

Australia has probably never had a land bridge - but the channels would have been quite narrow when sea levels were low, so simple boats and rafts would have been used.

The only continent which is difficult to reach is Antarctica - and we only got there a few centuries ago (not that it is habitable).

非洲、亞洲和歐洲都是同一塊陸地的一部分，不需要船。美洲大陸是連在一起的，人們通常認為人類是在冰河時代到達那裏的，那時海平面要低得多，而且從亞洲到阿拉斯加有一座大陸橋。然而，那是在船發明之後很久的事了，所以他們可以很容易地沿着海岸移動。澳大利亞可能從來沒有大陸橋，但當海平面很低時，水道會很窄，所以人們會使用簡單的船和木筏到達。唯一難以到達的大陸是南極洲——我們幾個世紀前才到達那裏(並不是説那裏適合居住)。

Profile photo for Nick Elliott

How did humans spread to different continents before boats?

As boats are thought to date back at least 900,000 years, they didn’t.

在有船之前，人類是如何播散到不同的大陸的?船被認為至少有90萬年的歷史，但實際上並沒有。

Logan Bolan

They walked. The Ice Age locked up enough water from the oceans that the area between Asia and modern day Alaska that there was a whole ecosystem called Beringia. During the same time period, humans walked from France to Britain. During other periods of time, the ancestor of Homo floriensis walked out to the island of Flores out in Indonesia. When the sealevel rose, they were cut off from the mainland and evolved their own if stunted hominin species.

他們用走的。冰河時代，在亞洲和現在的阿拉斯加之間從，海洋中鎖住了足夠的水形成了一個完整的生態系統，叫做白令陸橋。在同一時期，人類從法國步行到了英國。在其他時期，弗洛里人的祖先走到印尼的弗洛裏島。當海平面上升時，它（他？）們與大陸的聯繫被切斷了，並自我進化出了發育不良的古人類物種。

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Tamara Wilhite

Walked, mostly. That’s the likely method the mammoth hunters followed from Asia to North America. Hunters leaving Africa were likely following the animals, too.

走,主要是走。這可能是猛獁象獵人從亞洲到北美所遵循的方法。離開非洲的獵人很可能也在跟蹤這些動物。

Miguel Corazao

Ummm … I think there is some context behind the question that needs to be shared. But just to share a few thoughts that may answer the question.

Mankind has had boats of various types for an extremely long time. Some people mistakenly believe boats were only invented as part of civilization but this is not the case.

It is important to remember that many continents are connected (Eurasia and Africa, North and South America) and in prehistoric times there were other land connections, especially Eurasia and North America.

The other thing to understand is that skilled sailors can travel far further in primitive boats than you might think. The settlement of the Polynesian islands, for example, was done using very simple boats and navigation technology.

呃…我認為這個問題背後有一些需要分享的背景。但我只想分享一些可能回答這個問題的想法。

有些人錯誤地認為船隻是文明的一部分，但事實並非如此。重要的是要記住，許多大陸是連接在一起的(歐亞大陸和非洲，北美和南美)，在史前時期，還有其他陸地連接，特別是歐亞大陸和北美。另一件需要了解的事情是，熟練的水手可以乘坐原始的船隻旅行遠比你想象的遠。例如，波利尼西亞羣島的居民就使用了非常簡單的船隻和導航技術。

Himanshu Jain

I don’t have a real answer to this but interested in this topic so pitching in with some thoughts. If one observes carefully then from Africa to Asia & Europe one could have just walked on land and reached at various places (Now ofcourse there is a strait on Red Sea). Also the distance between Russia (on the Asian side) and Alaska in North America is just 85 km with two islands in between seperated by a distance of just 4 km. Hence even in olden times reaching between these two continents may not have been impossible. From there one can walk to South America (ofcourse again now we have the Panama Canal). This leaves out Australia which is hard for me fathom how early humans may have reached there.

我沒有一個真正的答案，但對這個話題很感興趣，所以貢獻一些想法。如果你仔細觀察，那麼從非洲到亞洲和歐洲，你從陸地上行走，就可以到達不同的地方(當然現在紅海上有一個海峽)。

此外，俄羅斯(在亞洲一側)和北美的阿拉斯加之間的距離只有85公里，中間有兩個島嶼，距離僅為4公里。因此，即使在遠古時代，這兩個大陸之間的聯繫也不是不可能的。從那裏你可以步行到南美洲(當然，現在我們有了巴拿馬運河)。這不包括澳大利亞，我很難理解早期人類是如何到達那裏的。

Jim Roper

When they needed boats, they had boats. But, they walked from Africa to the Middle East to Asia, Europe, North America and South America (with help from boats at times). They took boats to Madagascar, Australia, Papua New Guinea and the rest of the Pacific Islands.

當他們需要船的時候，他們有船。但是，他們徒步從非洲到中東，再到亞洲、歐洲、北美和南美(有時需要船隻的幫助)。他們乘船前往馬達加斯加、澳大利亞、巴布亞新幾內亞和其他太平洋島嶼。

Profile photo for Gloria Cole

Some continents such as the area between Spain and North Africa, or West Africa and the east coast of S. America have at times in the past been accessible on floating debris, or hand constructed rafts. In the Pacific, primitive craft was constructed very early to get from one island to another.

And of course the new world was populated by Siberians walking across the Bering St. land bridge.

一些大陸，如西班牙和北非之間的地區，或西非和南美東海岸，在過去有時可以通過漂浮的殘骸或手工製作的木筏到達。在太平洋上，人們很早就製造出了原始的船隻，用來從一個島劃到另一個島。