美版知乎Quora上：為啥中國從未能成為全球性軍事大國?_風聞

中國地居東亞，南方是各種羣島組成的東南亞地區，東部是廣袤的太平洋，西部則是連綿的高山山脈，這就導致中國唯一可以算的上的敵人就是來自北方的遊牧民族，古代歷史也可以説是一部南方農耕民族和北方遊牧民族的鬥爭史，歐亞大陸的另一邊則在工業革命之後開始了國力的飛躍，西方各國在全世界進行殖民擴張，葡萄牙西班牙荷蘭英國在世界上進行角逐，他們以世界為棋盤，把各國當作棋子，就此進行原始的資本積累。在美版知乎Quora上，美國網友提問道：為什麼中國從未能夠成為一個全球性的軍事大國？這個問題引起各國網友的爭議，我們來看看他們的觀點。

問題：中國為什麼從未稱為一個全球性軍事強權國家？

問題：中國為什麼從未稱為一個全球性軍事強權國家？

英國專家麥道克•威廉姆斯的回答

First of all, China has always been a country dominated by agricultural civilization. It has always focused on its own security and stability. In all dynasties, only when the country was divided would it struggle to become a unified country through endless civil war. The plateaus, deserts and seas around China are buffer zones to prevent foreign invasion, while the natural environment in the region is superior and there is no need to expand and seize resources. This is an important reason why the Chinese nation has not focused on West Asia, Europe and Africa.

首先，中國一直是一個農耕文明主導的國家，它一直專注於自身的安全和穩定。歷朝歷代，只有在國家分裂的時候，它才會通過無休止的內戰為成為一個統一的國家而奮鬥。中國周圍的高原、荒漠和海洋是阻止外族入侵的緩衝區，而域內自然環境優越，不需擴張掠取資源，這是中華民族沒有着眼於西亞、歐洲和非洲的重要原因。

First of all, China has always been a country dominated by agricultural civilization. It has always focused on its own security and stability. In all dynasties, only when the country was divided would it struggle to become a unified country through endless civil war. The plateaus, deserts and seas around China are buffer zones to prevent foreign invasion, while the natural environment in the region is superior and there is no need to expand and seize resources. This is an important reason why the Chinese nation has not focused on West Asia, Europe and Africa.

第二，中國一直知道戰爭的代價是昂貴的，戰爭奪走了可用於建設健康繁榮社會的寶貴資源。羅馬、奧斯曼帝國、葡萄牙、西班牙、荷蘭、法國和英國等西方列強建立了龐大的軍事力量進行征服，他們有能力做到這一點，因為他們對其他國家資源的掠奪彌補了龐大的軍事開支。

China does not think so. It does not like war. It prefers peaceful coexistence. This is not only a pragmatic point of view, but also a cultural and philosophical point of view.

中國不是這樣想的，它不喜歡戰爭，它傾向於和平共處，這既是一種務實的觀點，也是一種文化和哲學的觀點。

In the past 42 years, China has never fought a war! Not to mention that China has never taken the initiative to start a war!

在過去42年中，中國沒有打過一場戰爭！更不要説中國從來沒有主動挑起過一場戰爭！

Throughout history, western countries have experienced resistance and war, which is the cultural basis for their survival. No wonder China considers them “barbarians”. This is still the case in the West today. Look at America

縱觀歷史，西方國家曾經歷過抗爭，也曾經歷過戰爭，這是他們生存的文化基礎，難怪中國認為他們是“野蠻人”。直到今天，西方仍然是如此。看看美國…

• in 2020, the US military expenditure was US $778billion, accounting for 3.7% of its GDP, more than the sum of the next 11 countries!

•2020年，美國在軍事上的支出為7780億美元，佔其GDP的3.7%，超過了接下來11個國家的總和！

• 800 military bases in 70 countries;

•在70個國家擁有800個軍事基地；

• there are 11 super carriers, and the 12th is under construction;

•有11艘超級航母，第12艘正在建造中；

• it has a total of 5550 nuclear weapons and 1700 deployed;

•它總共擁有5550件核武器，部署了1700件；

• what are these munitions used for? Of course, the United States is the real global hegemony by bullying every country on the earth and subjecting it to the feet of the Americans.

•這些軍火是用來幹什麼的？當然，欺負地球上的每一個國家，讓他屈服在美國人的腳下，美國才是真正的全球霸權。

澳大利亞網友瑞珊•賈拉爾的回答

In the Han Dynasty 2100 years ago, Chinese ancestors had reached most of the present borders. How do you think this is achieved? Obviously, this is through conquest and assimilation. But unlike the European colonial powers, the ancient Chinese did not have gunboats, machine guns or artillery to trample on the local people. The Chinese built their own empire in the traditional way. They joined forces and fought with cold weapons against opponents with roughly the same technical level.

2100年前的漢朝，中國的先民已經到達了現在的大部分邊界。你認為這是如何實現的？顯然，這是通過征服和同化。但與歐洲殖民列強不同，古代中國人沒有炮艇、機槍和大炮來進行對當地人的踐踏。中國人以傳統的方式建立自己的帝國，合眾連橫，與技術水平大致相同的對手用冷兵器對抗。

The Qin Dynasty unified China through a series of bloody wars, became the largest country in the world through reform, created a unified text, track and measurement, and created a world miracle that we can only see today.

秦朝通過一系列血腥的戰爭統一了中國，通過改革集中成為當時世界上最大的國家，創造了統一的文字、軌道和度量衡，創造了我們今天只能看到的世界奇蹟。

Through the Silk Road, the Han Dynasty dominated the economy, repulsed the Hun Confederation to the north, conquered most of China, and spread its influence to Southeast Asia.

通過絲綢之路，漢朝在經濟上佔據主導地位，向北擊退了匈奴邦聯，征服了中國的大部分地區，並將其影響力傳播至東南亞。

The Tang Dynasty won most foreign wars. It successfully defeated Korean, Japanese, Mongolian, Vietnamese, Tibetans and countless rebels in Koguryo. It even defeated the Abbasid Caliph for a time. Their protectors were all over the Gobi and Siberia.

唐朝贏得絕大多數的對外戰爭，它成功地擊敗了高句麗朝鮮人、日本人、蒙古人、越南人、藏人、無數叛軍，甚至一度擊敗了阿巴斯哈里發，他們的保護國也遍佈戈壁和西伯利亞。

The Yuan Dynasty was a military power worshipped by the West. It was defeated in Japan only because of the typhoon. Otherwise, Kyushu would probably fall into the hands of the Mongols and even the Chinese today.

元朝是一個受西方崇拜的軍事強國，只因颱風襲擊而在日本戰敗，否則九州很可能落入蒙古人乃至今天的中國人之手。

The Ming Dynasty had many innovations in gunpowder, and had the most effective, largest and most advanced army at that time. They were the first to innovate and explore gunpowder, defeated the Mongols for many times, conquered Vietnam and Korea, even defeated the Portuguese twice in the naval battle, and defeated the Dutch once in the Tamang battle and the Sino Dutch conflict. The Ming Dynasty was even able to colonize Australia and the horn of Africa because they launched several naval expeditions. The only reason for their non intervention and colonization is that China basically has an isolationist policy, and it is impossible to govern so many people except in overseas colonies.

明朝在火藥方面有許多創新，擁有當時最有效、規模最大、技術最先進的軍隊。他們是第一個在火藥方面進行創新和開拓的人，並多次擊敗蒙古人，此外還征服了越南和朝鮮，甚至在海戰中擊敗了葡萄牙人兩次，在塔芒戰役和中荷衝突中分別擊敗了荷蘭人一次。明朝甚至有能力在澳大利亞和非洲之角等地區進行殖民活動，因為他們發起了幾次海軍遠征。他們不干預和殖民的唯一原因是，中國基本上有孤立主義政策，除了海外殖民地之外，不可能治理這麼多人。

During the period of the Republic of China, the Chinese bravely resisted the Japanese army for eight years and faced many humiliating war crimes along the way. More than 300000 people were murdered during the Nanjing occupation, including 80000 women who were deliberately raped. Chinese residents were thrown in front of trains, buried in trenches and let tanks pass. Chinese farmers were beheaded in the frenzied competition of Japanese officers.

民國時期中國人勇敢地抵抗了日本軍隊長達8年之久，一路上面對了日軍許多屈辱性的戰爭罪行。超過30萬人在南京佔領期間被謀殺，其中8萬名婦女被蓄意強姦。中國居民被扔到火車前面，埋在戰壕裏，讓坦克駛過，中國農民在日本軍官喪心病狂的比賽中被斬首。

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In addition, Unit 731 also conducted experiments on more than one million Chinese and Korean people, writing about the crimes of the Nazis. In the later period of the war, with the stagnation of the Japanese campaign, China won one victory after another. After the end of the war, China was regarded as one of the three major countries tied with the Soviet Union and the United States.

此外，731部隊還對100多萬中國人和朝鮮族人進行了實驗，寫滿了納粹的罪惡。在戰爭的後期，隨着日本戰役的停滯不前，中國取得了一個又一個勝利。戰爭結束後，中國被視為和蘇聯和美國並列的三大國家之一。

In its 70 year history, the people’s Republic of China has defeated India, the United States, the Republic of Korea, many United Nations forces, the Soviet Union, Vietnam, etc. in border conflicts and proxy wars. It has become the world’s third largest military and the world’s second largest economy. Look at the growth rate of the Chinese Navy! They will soon take over American influence.

中華人民共和國在其70年的歷史中，在邊界衝突和代理戰爭中擊敗了印度、美國、韓國、眾多聯合國部隊、蘇聯、越南等，併成為世界第三強軍和世界第二大經濟體，看看中國海軍的成長速度吧！他們接下來很快將接管美國的影響力。

China is not weak.

中國並不軟弱。

The geographical map of China was gradually finalized during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. He stopped expanding only because it reached the geographical limit worth conquering. Look at all the countries bordering China: South Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, Afghanistan, etc. these countries do not provide too many benefits for those living in China. Their indigenous peoples are very fierce.

中國的地理版圖在清朝乾隆年間逐漸定型，他停止擴張僅僅是因為它達到了值得征服的地理極限。看看所有與中國接壤的國家：韓國、越南、蒙古、阿富汗等，這些國家沒有為那些生活在中國的人提供太多的好處，他們的土著民族非常兇猛。

Therefore, in the long history, China has the most successful military force. Before European colonialism, it conquered all countries close to China culturally, from the Korean Peninsula to Southeast Asia to Lake Baikal. Fenglang juxu was the highest title for ancient Chinese generals.

所以在漫長的歷史長河中，中國擁有最成功的軍事力量。在歐洲殖民主義之前，它征服了所有在文化上接近中國的國家，從朝鮮半島到東南亞再到貝加爾湖，“封狼居胥”就是對中國古代將領的至高稱謂。

中國網友李鵬利的回答

The rule of the Qing Dynasty may be the main reason why China failed to become a global military power. Although the Qing Dynasty was the closest predecessor of modern China, they were actually foreign invaders who controlled China’s political institutions at that time.

清朝的統治可能是中國未能成為全球軍事強國的主要原因，雖然清朝是現代中國最接近的前身，但他們實際上是當時控制中國的政治機構的外族侵略者。

Most of the conquests took place in the 17th century, the beginning of American colonization. As a reference, the first colony to become part of the United States was founded in 1607, and the United States as a country was founded in 1776. Therefore, when Europeans obtained resources from the lands colonized and never developed in the Americas, the local population was ravaged by diseases, while the Ming Dynasty was fighting against invaders.

大部分征服發生在17世紀，這也是美洲殖民的開始。作為參考，第一個成為美國一部分的殖民地成立於1607年，美國作為一個國家成立於1776年。因此，當歐洲人在美洲殖民並從未開發的土地上獲取資源時，當地人口遭受疾病的蹂躪，而明朝則在抗擊入侵者。

Since the defeat of the Ming Dynasty, the Han people have now been under the rule of the Manchu and Qing invaders. Therefore, when the Europeans continued to explore, conquer and colonize the weak countries, the Qing Dynasty had to stabilize its rule over the conquered lands. This is an arduous task, because the population of the Qing Dynasty was far less than that of the Han people.

自從明朝大敗，漢人現在就處於滿清侵略者的統治之下。因此，當歐洲人繼續探索、征服和殖民弱國時，清朝不得不穩定對其征服土地的統治。這是一項艱鉅的任務，因為清朝入關時的人口遠遠少於漢族人。

The Qing Dynasty became arrogant because of its conquest and domination of China, and then had a dispute with Britain over the opium trade, leading to the first Opium War in 1840. Britain forced the Qing government to make concessions to the first treaty called “unequal treaty” by China at the beginning of the “humiliating century”.

清朝由於征服和統治中國而變得自大，隨後與英國就鴉片貿易發生爭端，導致1840年第一次鴉片戰爭。英國迫使清政府在“屈辱世紀”之初向中國稱之為“不平等條約”的第一個條約讓步。

In the long history, the corrupt Qing government had to suppress half a dozen or more rebellions, the largest of which was the Taiping rebellion from 1850 to 1864. This is the largest civil war in world history, with an estimated death toll of 30million to 50million. The total number of deaths in the Second World War was 70-80 million, of which about 15-20 million came from China. So you can see how destructive these civil wars were to the Qing state.

在歷史的長河中，腐敗的清政府不得不鎮壓了半打或更多的叛亂，其中最大的一次是1850年至1864年的太平天國起義。這是世界歷史上規模最大的內戰，估計死亡人數為3000萬至5000萬。第二次世界大戰的總死亡人數為7000-8000萬，其中約1500-2000萬來自中國。所以你可以看到這些內戰對清國的破壞性有多大。

Along with these civil wars, China has seen decentralization, splitting the country into many regions controlled by warlords. Later, the Kuomintang, a warlord faction, successfully unified most of the country’s population around 1930. About ten years later, in 1937, Japan launched the second Sino Japanese war.

伴隨着這些內戰，中國出現了權力下放，將國家分裂為軍閥控制的許多地區。後來，國民黨，一個軍閥派系，在1930年左右成功地統一了該國大部分人口。大約十年後的1937年，日本發動了第二次中日戰爭。

After Japan’s surrender, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China opened up an internal relationship. Although the initial victory was unfavorable to the Communist Party of China, in the end, they defeated the Kuomintang and took control of China in 1949. The Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan.

日本投降後，國民黨同中國共產黨開啓的內在，儘管最初的勝算對中國共產黨不利，但最終，他們擊敗了國民黨並於1949年控制了中國，國民黨撤退到了台灣島。

After the Korean War, China was not involved in any major war, which gave China ample time to realize industrialization and modernization. Modern China now has the ability to become a global military power. The only thing they lack is a foreign military base as a transit point for global operations. At present, they have only about five bases abroad.

朝鮮戰爭後，中國沒有捲入任何重大戰爭，這給了中國實現工業化、現代化帶來了充裕的時間。現代中國現在有能力成為一個全球軍事大國，他們唯一缺少的是外國軍事基地，作為全球行動的中轉站。目前，他們在國外只有大約五個基地。

Therefore, basically, China is not a global military power, because since the first appearance of the technology to become a global military power after the great geographical discovery, China has been invaded many times and waged war with aggressors and other countries. However, modern China is very close to becoming a global military power, and can become a global military power through extensive diplomatic efforts.

因此，基本上，中國不是一個全球軍事大國，因為從地理大發現後成為全球軍事大國的技術第一次出現的時候起，中國就多次受到侵略，並與侵略者和其他國家進行戰爭。然而，現代中國已經非常接近成為一個全球軍事大國，並且可以通過廣泛的外交努力成為一個全球軍事大國。

美國網友雷克斯•穆特羅的回答

Because China chose not to do so.

因為中國選擇了不去這樣做。

Yongle Emperor Zhu Di reigned from 1402 to 1424. As early as his reign, China carried out large-scale expansion, fought back against the Mongols and conquered Vietnam. However, his greatest achievement was the construction of 3500 naval ships, many of which were more than 400 feet long and 150 feet wide.

永樂皇帝朱棣於1402年至1424年在位。早在他統治時期中國就進行了大規模擴張，反擊蒙古人，征服越南。然而，他最大的成就是建造了3500艘海軍艦艇，其中許多艦艇的長度超過400英尺，寬度超過150英尺。

In contrast, the combined fleet of Britain, France, Spain, Russia and the Netherlands has less than 2200 ships at sea. Since the 9th century, Chinese ships have visited ports in northeast Africa and Asia Minor around the Persian Gulf, the Indian sea and the Pacific Ocean. However, under the command of Zhenghe, China under the leadership of Emperor Yongle will make seven voyages, including discovery, treasure hunt and Conquest (affiliated countries) into Africa, and may sail south along East Africa to modern Mozambique.

相比之下，英國、法國、西班牙、俄羅斯和荷蘭的聯合艦隊，在海上只有不到2200艘船。從9世紀起，中國船隻訪問了位於波斯灣、印度海和太平洋周圍的東北非和小亞細亞的港口。但在鄭和的指揮下，永樂皇帝領導下的中國將進行七次航行，包括髮現、尋寶和征服（附屬國家）進入非洲，可能沿東非向南航行，直至現代的莫桑比克。

There are also strong indications that Chinese coins found in the Northwest Pacific and anchor stones found on the west coast of the United States show that Chinese ships sailed eastward to North America nearly a century earlier than Columbus. (I don’t think the Chinese are trying to settle in North America, because there is no good archaeological evidence to show that, like the Vikings left in Canada, but I do believe that Chinese ships may have reached the coast of California.).

還有很強的跡象表明，在太平洋西北部發現的中國錢幣和在美國西海岸發現的錨石表明，中國船隻向東航行到北美的時間比哥倫布早了近一個世紀。（我不認為中國人試圖在北美定居，因為沒有任何好的考古學證據表明，像維京人在加拿大留下的那樣，但我確實相信，中國船隻很可能已經到達加利福尼亞海岸）。

Then, at the end of Emperor Yongle’s reign in 1421, after six voyages, the voyage was suspended. The Chinese began to tear down ships and let other ships rot. The country is closed to the outside world and the sea is forbidden. Trade is restricted to regional areas. Only ships are allowed to be built. In the 1970s, all Zhenghe’s logbooks were deliberately destroyed in an attempt to erase these records so as not to induce other emperors and naval generals to repeat their voyages.

然後，在1421年永樂皇帝統治接近尾聲時，經過六次航行後，航行被中止了。中國人開始拆毀船隻，讓其他船隻腐爛。閉關鎖國，實行海禁，貿易被限制在地區範圍內進行，只允許建造的船隻。14世紀70年代，鄭和的所有航海日誌都被故意銷燬，試圖抹去這些航海記錄，以免誘使其他皇帝和海軍將領重複航海。

An eternal mystery is why the voyage stopped. It was said that the cost of building and maintaining these vessels was too expensive compared with the benefits of navigation. However, the Ming Dynasty did not pay much for this. Others said that the focus of Daming shifted to Vietnam and Mongolia. Although Zhu Di had conquered Vietnam, there was no moment of peace in the region. The Chinese had to maintain considerable force in Vietnam to maintain peace. Moreover, despite the weakness of the Mongols in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, their powerful leaders successfully United several Mongolian tribes and threatened China’s borders.

一個永恆的謎團是為什麼航行會停止。有人説，建造和維護這些船隻的費用與航行帶來的效益相比過於昂貴。但是，明朝並沒有為此付出太多代價。其他人則表示，大明的重點轉移到了越南和蒙古。雖然朱棣已經征服了越南，但該地區並沒有片刻得到安寧，中國人不得不在越南保持相當大的武力來維持和平。而且，儘管蒙古人在14世紀末和15世紀初一直很虛弱，但其強大的領導人成功地團結了幾個蒙古部落，威脅到了中國的邊境。

The third explanation is that these voyages opened up new trade channels, which were not entirely controlled by the emperor and his court. Therefore, in order to ensure full control of international trade, the navy was disbanded.

第三種解釋是，這些航行開闢了新的貿易渠道，而這些貿易渠道並非完全由皇帝及其宮廷控制。因此，為了確保對國際貿易的完全控制，海軍被解散。

Whatever the reason, with the disintegration of the treasure fleet in the mid-14th century, China began to turn its attention to its own country until European imperialism reached Asia in the 17th and 18th centuries. By that time, it was too late, China had lost the ability to build an advanced navy, and the Europeans completely controlled the Pacific Ocean from North America to Africa. What would it be like if the Chinese kept their fleet and became what the British looked like in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean in the Pacific?

不管是什麼原因，隨着14世紀中期珍寶艦隊的解體，中國開始將注意力向國內轉移，直到17世紀和18世紀歐洲帝國主義到達亞洲。到那時，為時已晚，中國已經失去了打造先進海軍的能力，歐洲人完全控制了從北美到非洲的太平洋。如果中國人保留他們的艦隊，並在太平洋上成為英國人在大西洋和地中海上的樣子，會是怎樣的一番光景呢？

So why didn’t China take the opportunity to become a global military power? When they had the opportunity to become a global military power, they chose not to do so. The Chinese did not expand their territory throughout the South Pacific, nor could they expand to North America, Central America and South America. Instead, they destroyed their fleets and became a veritable isolationist power.

那麼，為什麼中國沒能趁機成為一個全球軍事大國？當他們有機會成為全球軍事強國時，他們選擇了不這樣做。中國人沒有在整個南太平洋擴張領土，也沒有可能擴展到北美洲、中美洲和南美洲，反而摧毀了他們的艦隊，成為了一個名副其實的孤立主義大國。

今濤拍案