調查顯示，英國有1000多個大型畜禽養殖場_風聞

​【來源龍騰網】

正文原創翻譯

UK has more than 1,000 livestock mega-farms, investigation reveals

-Newly published figures show for first time how US-style factory farms have spread across British countryside

調查顯示，英國有1000多個大型畜禽養殖場

——最新公佈的數據首次顯示了美式工廠化農場是如何在英國鄉村蔓延的

(Chickens crammed in a factory farm; there are four poultry farms in the UK registered for more than 1 million birds.)

（工廠化的養雞場裏擠滿了雞；在英國有四個家禽農場登記了超過100萬隻家禽。）

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There are more than 1,000 US-style mega-farms in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, including some holding as many as a million animals, according to a new investigation.

根據一項新的調查，在英格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭有超過1000個美國式的大型農場，其中一些農場飼養了多達100萬隻畜禽。

In the US, mega-farms are defined as those that hold more than 125,000 birds reared for meat, or 82,000 egg-laying hens, 2,500 pigs, 700 dairy cows or 1,000 beef cattle. These are labelled by US officials as a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO).

在美國，超大型農場被定義為“擁有超過12.5萬隻肉禽、8.2萬隻蛋雞、2500頭豬、700頭奶牛或1000頭肉牛的農場”。這些被美國官員稱為“集中式畜禽飼養運營”。

By 2021, the number of farms in the UK that met the US definition of a CAFO, or mega-farm, was 1,099, according to research. 

研究顯示，到2021年，英國符合美國“集中式畜禽飼養運營”定義的農場數量為1099家。

This figure is known to be an underestimate owing to the omission of Scottish data, which was unavailable because of a cyber-attack in 2020.

據悉，這一數據被低估了，因為蘇格蘭的數據在2020年因網絡攻擊而無法獲取。

The march of these US-style mega-farms in the UK was revealed in a Guardian investigation in 2017, but up-to-date data has been published this week in a book, Sixty Harvests Left: How to Reach a Nature-Friendly Future, by Philip Lymbery, chief executive of Compassion in World Farming (CIWF).

《衞報》2017年的一項調查揭示了這些美國式超級農場在英國的發展趨勢，但最新數據已在本週出版的《剩下的60個收穫：如何實現自然友好型的未來》一書中發表，該書由世界農業同情組織首席執行官菲利普·利姆貝里撰寫。

In England alone, the number of mega-farms increased from 818 in 2016 to 944 in 2020. Of these, 745 house poultry and 199 are for pigs. There are four poultry farms in the UK registered for 1 million birds, with the largest holding up to 1.4 million. For pigs, the biggest three farms hold more than 20,000 pigs.

僅在英國，超級農場的數量就從2016年的818個增加到了2020年的944個。其中家禽農場745個，生豬農場199個。在英國有四個家禽農場登記了100萬隻家禽，其中最大的農場有140萬隻。在生豬方面，最大的三個農場擁有超過2萬頭豬。

There are also at least 19 dairies that meet the criteria of a “mega-dairy”. Cows held in intensive dairies are “zero-grazed”, which means they are not allowed out into fields and are permanently housed inside sheds. The largest one in the UK appears to hold 2,000 animals.

此外，至少有19家奶牛場符合“超級奶牛場”的標準。在集約化奶牛場飼養的奶牛是“零放牧”的，這意味着它們不被允許到田野裏去，而是被永久地安置在牛棚裏。英國最大的一個奶牛農場似乎養了2000只牲畜。

原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.ltaaa.cn 轉載請註明出處

In addition, nine mega-farms hold 1,000 or more beef cattle. US-style beef feedlots, where cattle are fattened up before slaughter, were first identified as existing in the UK in a Guardian investigation in 2018.

此外，9個大型農場擁有1000頭以上的肉牛。2018年《衞報》的一項調查首次發現，在英國存在美國式的牛肉飼養場，牛會在屠宰前被養肥。

Industrial farming maximises production while keeping costs to a minimum to produce cheap meat and dairy – the UK slaughters 1 billion chickens, 10 million pigs and 2.6 million cattle a year – and the majority of UK farmed animals are kept in intensive units.

工業化養殖使產量最大化，同時將成本降至最低，以生產廉價的肉類和奶製品——英國每年屠宰10億隻雞、1000萬頭豬和260萬頭牛——而且英國大多數農場飼養的動物都是集中飼養的。

However, there are concerns that intensive farming is driving climate change, water and air pollution, biodiversity loss and negatively affecting local communities, including introducing potential health risks associated with ammonia pollution. Intensive livestock farming has also been blamed for increasing disease risk.

然而，人們擔心集約化農業正在推動氣候變化、水和空氣污染、生物多樣性喪失，並對當地社區產生負面影響，包括引入與氨污染相關的潛在健康風險。集約化的畜牧業也被認為是增加疾病風險的原因。

In Europe, the Dutch government recently introduced plans to radically reduce livestock numbers to curb excessive nitrogen from intensive farming.

在歐洲，荷蘭政府最近推出了大幅減少牲畜數量的計劃，以遏制集約化養殖帶來的氮過量問題。

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Animal welfare activists say animals in mega-farms are denied the ability to express natural behaviours. Keeping animals in “crowded, largely barren conditions” and using fast-growing chicken breeds and farrowing crates for pigs “calls into question our claims to be a nation of animal lovers”, said Philip Lymbery, chief executive of Compassion in World Farming.

動物福利活動家説，大型農場的動物被剝奪了表達自然行為的能力。世界農場同情組織的首席執行官菲利普·利姆伯裏説，把動物飼養在“擁擠、基本上貧瘠的環境中”，並使用快速生長的雞品種和豬的產仔限位欄，“使我們自稱是一個熱愛動物的國家的説法受到了質疑”。

Lizzie Wilson from the National Pig Association said big does not necessarily equal bad: “Larger scale farms are often able to provide more resources, such as more stock people, a dedicated vet … that actually facilitate good animal welfare.”

但來自全國養豬協會的莉齊·威爾遜説，大並不一定等於壞：“規模更大的農場往往能夠提供更多的資源，比如更多的牲畜飼養員，一個專門的獸醫……這實際上有利於良好的動物福利。”

The British Poultry Council’s chief executive, Richard Griffiths, said all production systems in the UK included good welfare: “Systems perceived as ‘higher welfare’ are more resource intensive with lower efficiency and productivity, with an accompanying impact on the environment and the cost of production.”

英國家禽協會首席執行官理查德·格里菲斯説，英國所有的生產體系都包含良好的福利：“被認為‘高福利’的體系更依賴資源，效率和生產率更低，對環境和生產成本也會產生影響。”

A spokesperson for the National Farmers’ unx said: “No matter what sector or size of the farm, or whether indoor or outdoor, animal health and welfare is a continued priority for all British farmers, as they know that the public hugely values the high standards of animal health and welfare that farmers work to.”

全國農民聯盟的一名發言人説：“無論農場的領域或規模如何，無論是室內還是室外，動物健康和福利都是所有英國農民的優先考慮事項，因為他們知道公眾非常重視農民為之工作的高標準動物健康和福利。”

A spokesperson for the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) said the vast majority of beef and dairy cattle in the UK were “grazing outdoors throughout the year for as long as the weather conditions permit”.

農業和園藝發展局的一位發言人説，英國絕大多數的肉牛和奶牛“只要天氣條件允許，全年都在户外放牧”。

As UK farming changes, there are calls for reform. The Scrap Factory Farming campaign is taking a case to the European court of human rights, alleging that the government is failing to protect the public from climate change and the threat of future pandemics from factory farming.

隨着英國農業的變化，改革呼聲不斷。廢除工廠化養殖運動正在向歐洲人權法庭提起訴訟，聲稱政府未能保護公眾免受氣候變化和工廠化養殖未來大流行的威脅。

“Let’s stop denying that factory farming is inherently cruel and a major driver of wildlife decline and climate change,” Lymbery told the Guardian.

“讓我們停止否認工廠化養殖本質上是殘忍的，是野生動物減少和氣候變化的主要驅動因素，”利伯裏告訴《衞報》。

A spokesperson for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs said all farms, regardless of size, had to comply with UK law on animal health and welfare, planning, veterinary medicines and environmental legislation.

英國環境、食品和農村事務部的一位發言人説，所有農場，無論大小，都必須遵守英國有關動物健康和福利、規劃、獸藥和環境立法的法律。

“The Animal Welfare Act 2006 also makes it an offence either to cause any captive animal unnecessary suffering or to fail to provide the welfare needs of the animal – and we will not hesitate to take action against those who fail to meet these standards.”

“《2006年動物福利法》也規定，對任何被囚禁的動物造成不必要的痛苦或未能提供動物福利需求都是一種犯罪——我們將毫不猶豫地對那些未能達到這些標準的人採取行動。”