卡爾·弗里斯頓:我和我的馬爾可夫毯:能動推理和最小自由能原理_風聞
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中國科學院哲學研究所(CASIP)和復旦大學智能科學與智能哲學研究中心(Fudan PSI)將於2022年9月30日聯合邀請著名理論神經科學家卡爾·弗里斯頓(Karl Friston)作報告。弗里斯頓教授是英國倫敦大學學院神經學學院維康信託基金會神經影像中心的科學主任,也是腦成像領域的權威。他還是北京智源人工智能研究院學術顧問。弗里斯頓教授的重要貢獻是以自由能原理為理解大腦提供了一個統一框架,他將在本次講座中介紹他對最小自由能原理與能動推理的思考。《返樸》將在微信視頻號、新浪微博和B站提供獨家直播。【前往“返樸”公眾號可預約直播】
CASIP與Fudan PSI講座
我和我的馬爾可夫毯:能動推理和最小自由能原理
主講人:Karl J. Friston(倫敦大學學院)
主持人:劉闖(復旦大學/中國科學院哲學研究所)
評論人:
吳東穎(中國科學院哲學研究所)
韋南昕(帝國理工學院)
徐英瑾(復旦大學)
Deniz Vatansever(復旦大學)
時間:2022年9月30日 19:00-21:00 (北京時間)
講座工作語言為英語
主辦單位:
中國科學院哲學研究所(CASIP)
復旦大學智能科學與智能哲學研究中心(PSI中心)
講座摘要
我們如何能理解作為有知覺生物的我們自己?在知覺行為之下隱藏的原則是什麼?本報告將用最小自由能原理在能動推理方面作出説明。首先,我們將從物理的角度試圖去理解知覺,即將其本身與所處的環境區別開來的自組織系統的屬性必須存在。接下來我們從神經生物學家的角度重新敍述這一個故事,試圖去理解大腦的功能結構。故事將從一個啓發式的證明(和對原始湯的模擬)開始,它(們)揭示了生命,或者稱之為生物學自組織,是具有馬爾可夫毯的任何動力學系統所具有的必然的湧現性質。這個結論基於以下論證:如果一個系統可以與它的環境背景區別開來,它的內部狀態和外部狀態必然是條件獨立的。這樣的獨立性導出區分內部狀態和外部狀態的馬爾可夫毯。關鍵在於,這給予了內部狀態以一種信息幾何學,適用於對被稱為外界狀態的概率信念。這種自由能也是在貝葉斯推理和機器學習中被最優化的量(在機器學習中被稱為證據下界(ELBO))。簡而言之,內部狀態會表現出推斷外部世界並行動作用於外部世界以保持其完整性。這導出了一種貝葉斯機制,它可以簡潔地被總結為自證性。在報告的第二部分,我們將會用模擬大腦中的貝葉斯信念更新來剖析這些概念並將它們與預測處理和知覺行為聯繫起來。
主講人簡介
卡爾·弗里斯頓(Karl Friston)是一位理論神經科學家,也是腦成像領域的權威。他發明了統計參數映射(SPM)、基於體素的形態測量 (VBM) 和動態因果建模 (DCM)。這些貢獻源於對精神分裂症研究和被表述為精神分裂症的失聯假説的價值學習理論的研究。數學貢獻包括變分拉普拉斯程序和分層貝葉斯模型反演的廣義濾波。弗里斯頓目前致力於人腦功能整合模型和神經元相互作用的基本原理。他對理論神經生物學的主要貢獻是行動和感知的自由能原理(能動推理)。1996年,弗里斯頓獲得了首屆人腦圖譜青年研究者獎,並於1999 年被選為英國醫學科學院院士。2000年,他擔任國際人腦圖譜組織主席。2003年,他被授予密涅瓦金腦獎,並於 2006年被選為皇家學會會員。2008年,他獲得了法蘭西學院獎章,並於2011年獲得約克大學的榮譽博士學位。他於2012年成為英國皇家生物學會院士,2013年因對數學生物學的貢獻獲得韋爾登紀念獎和獎章,並於2014年當選為EMBO(生命科學卓越)成員,2015年當選為歐洲學術界成員。2016年,他因在腦研究方面的無與倫比的突破而獲得查爾斯·布蘭奇獎,並獲得人類腦圖譜領域的終身成就獎——玻璃腦獎。他擁有蘇黎世大學和拉德佈德大學的榮譽博士學位。
圖片來源:https://www.wired.com/story/karl-friston-free-energy-principle-artificial-intelligence/
CASIP and Fudan PSI International Lecture
Me and My Markov Blanket: Active Inference and the Free Energy Princip
Speaker: Karl J. Friston (University College London)
Chair: Chuang Liu (Fudan University/ CASIP)
Commentators:
Tung-Ying Wu (CASIP)
Nanxin Wei (Imperial College London)
Yingjin Xu (Fudan University)
Deniz Vatansever (Fudan University)
Time: Friday, 30th September, 2022, 7:00 PM—9:00 PM (UTC+8)
Language: English
Organizer:
Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIP)
The Philosophy and Science of Intelligence Center (PSI), Fudan University
Abstract
How can we understand ourselves as sentient creatures? And what are the principles that underwrite sentient behaviour? This presentation uses the free energy principle to furnish an account in terms of active inference. First, we will try to understand sentience from the point of view of physics; in particular, the properties that self-organising systems--that distinguish themselves from their lived world--must possess. We then rehearse the same story from the point of view of a neurobiologist, trying to understand functional brain architectures. The narrative starts with a heuristic proof (and simulations of a primordial soup) suggesting that life--or biological self-organization--is an inevitable and emergent property of any dynamical system that possesses a Markov blanket. This conclusion is based on the following arguments: if a system can be differentiated from its external milieu, then its internal and external states must be conditionally independent. These independencies induce a Markov blanket that separates internal and external states. Crucially, this equips internal states with an information geometry, pertaining to probabilistic beliefs about something; namely external states. This free energy is the same quantity that is optimized in Bayesian inference and machine learning (where it is known as an evidence lower bound). In short, internal states will appear to infer--and act on--their world to preserve their integrity. This leads to a Bayesian mechanics, which can be neatly summarised as self-evidencing. In the second half of the talk, we will unpack these ideas using simulations of Bayesian belief updating in the brain and relate them to predictive processing and sentient behaviour.
Biography
Karl Friston is a theoretical neuroscientist and authority on brain imaging. He invented statistical parametric mapping (SPM), voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and dynamic causal modelling (DCM). These contributions were motivated by schizophrenia research and theoretical studies of value-learning, formulated as the dysconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia. Mathematical contributions include variational Laplacian procedures and generalized filtering for hierarchical Bayesian model inversion. Friston currently works on models of functional integration in the human brain and the principles that underlie neuronal interactions. His main contribution to theoretical neurobiology is a free-energy principle for action and perception (active inference). Friston received the first Young Investigators Award in Human Brain Mapping (1996) and was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1999). In 2000 he was President of the international Organization of Human Brain Mapping. In 2003 he was awarded the Minerva Golden Brain Award and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2006. In 2008 he received a Medal, College de France and an Honorary Doctorate from the University of York in 2011. He became of Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology in 2012, received the Weldon Memorial prize and Medal in 2013 for contributions to mathematical biology and was elected as a member of EMBO (excellence in the life sciences) in 2014 and the Academia Europaea in (2015). He was the 2016 recipient of the Charles Branch Award for unparalleled breakthroughs in Brain Research and the Glass Brain Award, a lifetime achievement award in the field of human brain mapping. He holds Honorary Doctorates from the University of Zurich and Radboud University.
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