戰列艦如果甲板被轟炸機的炸彈砸穿的話會沉沒嗎?_風聞
米凯勒_法比恩-伦敦政治经济学院 现代历史硕士-Fool, with tenure.02-13 09:06
昨晚的宿舍夜話,緣起舍友熊哥重温了電影《珍珠港》。
亞利桑那號戰列艦被高空扔下來的炸彈砸穿了甲板,然後直接引爆了彈藥庫沉沒。
日本飛行員用的還是高爆彈。戰列艦的甲板如果被炸彈砸穿的話會重傷還是沉沒?



亞利桑那是被穿甲彈不是高爆彈命中的,世界上唯一一艘被高爆彈擊沉的戰列艦,是這玩意:

這是原H.M.S. Wellesley,在泰晤士河口被俯衝轟炸機命中沉沒。
至於問題本身,‘擊穿“甲板”’大多數時候不會有嚴重後果。戰列艦承受‘積累性’損傷的能力是極強的(俾斯麥,威爾士親王,南達科他,大和,etc)。有問題的是擊穿裝甲甲板,尤其是主裝甲甲板威脅到下輪機艙、彈藥庫或者傳動裝置的情況,此時就可能會出現‘重傷(critical damage)’。而和炮彈/魚雷命中一樣,如果出現彈藥庫殉爆,那麼艦艇大概率會損失掉(比如胡德、巴勒姆、陸奧、羅馬,etc)。這是限制老艦活動範圍的最大要素之一。
題目中提到亞利桑那,那麼就以亞利桑那為例子簡單一提。
亞利桑那,標準的標準戰列艦。第一層連貫甲板在Y炮塔高度,按照美式命名規則為主甲板/第一甲板。此下總計有兩層完全連貫的甲板(依次第二、第三甲板),向上有一層不連續的首樓甲板/上甲板(A炮塔高度)。主裝甲甲板是第二甲板,在1929-1931現代化改裝之後在彈藥庫上方厚度達到了4.77in(121mm) STS的水平,從Frame 20延伸到Frame 128。在主裝甲甲板下面的有一層龜背/防破片層,厚度在1-2in(25-38-51mm)間。
這是間戰/大戰期間非常典型的改造艦。其彈藥庫絕對水平防禦厚度上達到了4.8in+1in(不計算backing),高度上達到了第一層全通甲板下第一層的高度(KGV高度或者説英/美戰高度,高於納爾遜、歐洲設計1-2層)。雖然仍然不如‘老’艦中更大者比如密西西比改(5.5in STS+backing裝甲甲板,2.75in+backing破片甲板)、納爾遜(彈藥庫6.25in)或者長門改(26+70+100mm NVNC);但是和同級別改造艦相比屬於較好者。扶桑改裝甲甲板不過75mm DS/135mm NVNC;QE改(比如厭戰改)的水平防禦改動只是在彈藥庫(1in)貼了4in NC,在動力艙貼了2.5in而已。
亞利桑那的前部彈藥庫在Frame 31到48之間,任何命中抵達彈藥庫需要擊穿四層甲板(上甲板、主甲板、第二甲板、第三甲板,其中第二第三為裝甲甲板;後部彈藥庫則為三層,不包括上甲板)。

最初(5.2.1942)美方推定該艦在最多8發航彈和1發魚雷(一説命中在Frame 35附近一説位於艦尾)命中後沉沒,但是此後更準確的推定來看更可能只有4-5發穿甲彈命中/近失( Reference (a) found evidence of only five bomb hits, all of which were aft of the foremast structure.)。41年12月17日報告顯示分別為:
(1) One 500 lb bomb hit the face plate of #4 turret on the stbd side, glanced off and passed through the deck at Fr. 123, stbd side of the quarterdeck, betwthe Captain’s hatch and #4 turret and exploded in the Captain’s Pantry, destroying the Captain’s Pantry and Admiral’s Pantry. A small fire started which apparently burned itself out in a short time.(2) One. 500 lb bomb hit the ship at Fr. 85, port galley deck. Width of hole in deck is about 24 inches in diameter, depth of penetration is not known.(3) One 500 lb or 1000 lb bomb hit at Fr. 96, port side of quarterdeck in M.B. Stowage, depth of penetration is not known, width of hole in deck is approx, 24 inches.(4) One bomb, approx. 1000 lb, hit on the boat deck just fwd of stack, at Fr. 67. Width of hole on boat deck is approx, four feet, depth of penetration is not known.(5) One heavy bomb apparently 1000 or 2000 lb, went down the stack. Extent of damage is not known.(6) One bomb hit, size of bomb not known, on boat deck at Fr. 66, portside, by #4 Antiaircraft gun ammunition hoist, extent of damage done by this bomb is not known.(7) One heavy bomb hit, estimated over 1000 lb, at Fr. 73, portside of boat deck just fwd of the incinerator, by #6 Antiaircraft gun. The extent of damage done by this bomb is not known.(8) Apparently one large, possibly 2000 lb, armor piercing bomb hit forecastle by #2 turret, which it is believed penetrated to the black powder magazines, setting off the smokeless powder magazines adjacent and causing the explosion which destroyed the ship fwd.
顯然因為該艦徹底損毀的情況,很難判斷每一發炸彈的實際穿深,此時美方也不清楚日方實際上使用的16in改裝的1757lb航彈,但是總的來説命中情況可以總結為:
一發命中在艦尾Y炮塔後進入後方右舷附近的位置(Frame 119-Frame 123),似乎未擊穿至主裝甲甲板,造成第二甲板以上起火;一到三發命中了左舷艦體中段,引燃了防空炮彈藥點摧毀了部分火炮和廚房;一發命中了後桅前方艦載艇甲板上,穿深不明;一發重型航彈命中了B號炮塔右舷方向(Frame 44)。這發命中美方推定為2000lb左右,此後該艦殉爆後坐沉。
毫無疑問B炮塔附近的命中後的殉爆是該艦沉沒的直接原因。問題是殉爆的原因是否和航彈有關,如何和航彈有關。44年10月的分析中説:
There is no doubt that the smokeless powder magazines detonated. It is not clear, however, what initiated the smokeless powder detonation.
此後有幾種不同的解釋。第一種是航彈直接擊穿水平防禦在彈藥庫中引爆。顯然80號16in穿甲彈在高度足夠的情況下是有能力擊穿5in不足的水平防禦的(實際上1948年FAA用2000lb航彈在4000ft上擊穿了納爾遜的6in+彈藥庫裝甲)。問題主要是穿甲彈的小當量是否有能力引爆彈藥庫。報告中説:
A bomb detonation within the smokeless powder magazines presumably could cause a detonation, although smokeless powder as such is not an unusually severe hazard. The Army’s experience indicates that it is difficult to detonate smokeless powder as the result of fire, unless confinement, temperature, pressure, and high density of loading are present. Our own war experience has indicated that an appreciable interval of time (longer than 7 seconds) is required for these factors to build up and create a mass detonation following a fire.
考慮到命中後8秒左右的起爆時間,直接擊穿引起殉爆是可能的。其他的解釋主要涉及其他引爆的方法,有人認為有防火艙門沒有密封引起高温進入了藥室,有人推測是附近的黑火藥引燃後點燃了無煙藥包,也有人認為附近的燃油被引燃後進入了彈藥庫。報告也傾向於這一點。最終總結認為,無疑有一發航彈擊穿了首樓甲板/上甲板(Summarizing, there seems to be no doubt that at least one bomb struck and penetrated the forecastle deck in the vicinity of either turret I or turret II.)這發航彈要麼直接擊穿了彈藥庫引起了爆炸,要麼引起了首樓大火最終引燃了彈藥庫:
This bomb, and possibly others, caused an intense fire which shortly covered the entire forecastle. Burning oil on the surface of the water was ignited. Approximately 7 seconds after the start of this fire and after the initial bomb detonation, the main magazines exploded, almost completely destroying the ship forward of frame 70, Undoubtedly, the smokeless powder magazines detonated en masse. Whether this mass detonation resulted from a bomb detonation within either the smokeless powder or black powder magazines or whether it was initiated by fire traveling down thru open hatches to the black powder magazine is unknown; but the time involved between the first bomb detonation and the detonation of the main Magazines (approximately 7 seconds) and the visible intense fire above the waterline makes the latter supposition the more reasonable.
如何理解亞利桑那的戰沉?
首先,總的來説,‘大多數航彈無法對戰列艦造成太大的威脅’,尤其是改造艦/新艦。雖然這些航彈可以毀傷上層結構,引起起火,摧毀小型火炮,但是大多數中小型航彈無法對核心區保護下的與‘沉沒與否’直接相關的核心艙室造成威脅。因為如此,才需要專門改造的16in穿甲彈和魚雷;
而其次,重型航彈在投放高度足夠的時候有可能擊穿水平防禦。此時如果擊傷輪機艙會造成減速,摧毀傳動裝置和舵機會影響機動,擊穿彈藥庫或者引起足夠的損傷引燃彈藥庫…那麼就會胡德。雖然真正造成殉爆的可能性非常小,但是一旦殉爆全艦損失的情況一般足以限制水平防禦不足的老艦的活動範圍。
用更加通俗的話來説,單純面對航彈的情況下,‘對大多數航彈有較強免疫能力的新艦比較安全、在大重量航彈面前有危險但是經過了最基本水平改造的改造艦可堪一用、未改造艦無人權’。
至於格奈森瑙的損失,那可以特事特論再談。亞利桑那的損失最大的問題是打破了USN‘航彈無法獨立擊沉戰列艦’的幻覺。就在1941年,USN向陸軍吹噓,‘無論航空愛好者如何吹噓,迄今為止還沒有戰列艦被航彈擊沉。’配圖這裏就是亞利桑那。

一週之後,該艦被航彈擊沉。
因為這種‘落差’,該艦的損失才變成了一個文化符號。就好像威爾士親王的損失一樣。該艦的損失實際上主要是因為損管失誤和強行開機的結果,但是就好像USN對航彈擊沉了改造艦大吃一驚一樣,海軍部對於航空兵(哪怕是岸基航空兵)獨立在港外(區別於塔蘭託)新艦的能力極為震驚,於是也就成了所謂的歷史時刻。至於最終大和的‘最後一戰’,反而有點水到渠成的感覺,那是後話。
無論這些船裏沒有一艘是被高爆彈擊穿的,這個太損了,太損了,太損了。