癌症篩查：每個人都需要知道的5種關鍵信息_風聞

【來源龍騰網】

正文原創翻譯：

Cancer screenings: Here are 5 types and critical information to know about each

Manhattan internal medicine specialist breaks down recommendations — and shares why it’s key to find disease in early stages

癌症篩查：每個人都需要知道的5種關鍵信息

曼哈頓內科專家分別提出了建議，並分享了為什麼在早期發現疾病是關鍵

With more than 1.9 million new cancer cases expected to be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2023, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS), screenings are critical to detect the disease in its early stages before symptoms appear, when the odds of successful treatment are higher.

根據美國癌症協會 （ACS） 的數據， 2023 年，超過 190 萬例新發癌症病例在美國被發現，在症狀出現之前的早期階段，通過篩查發現疾病很關鍵，因為此時成功治療的幾率更高。

With different screening methods used for various types of cancer, some people may be confused about which doctors to see.

由於對不同種類的癌症有不同的篩查方法，有些人可能困惑該去看哪些醫生。

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Dr. Paunel Vukasinov, a board-certified internal medicine specialist and medical director at Medical Offices of Manhattan in New York City, shared his insights and recommendations for annual cancer screenings.

Paunel Vukasinov博士是一名委員會認證的內科專家，也是紐約市曼哈頓醫療辦公室的醫務主任，他分享了他對每年癌症篩查的見解和建議。

MORE YOUNGER PEOPLE ARE RECEIVING CANCER DIAGNOSES, STUDY FINDS — ESPECIALLY THIS TYPE

“A routine cancer screening is a test to find out if someone has cancer before there are any signs or symptoms,” he told Fox News Digital.

他告訴福克斯新聞數字頻道，“常規癌症篩查常用於，在出現任何症狀跡象之前，找出某人是否患有癌症，”

Screening recommendations are provided by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), an independent group of volunteer disease prevention experts.

美國預防服務工作隊（USPSTF）提供篩查建議，這是一個疾病預防專家志願者組成的獨立小組。

“Using an evidence-based approach, they provide guidance about how often different groups of people would benefit from cancer screenings,” Vukasinov said.

Vukasinov説：“用基於證據的方法，他們提供不同人羣受益於癌症篩查的篩查頻率指導。”

Breast cancer screenings

乳腺癌篩查

About 13% (about one in eight) of U.S. women will develop invasive breast cancer sometime in their lifetime, according to BreastCancer.org.

據BreastCancer.org信息，大約14%的美國婦女可能在她們生命中的某一時間患上乳腺癌。

The USPSTF now recommends that women begin talking to their primary health care providers about breast cancer screenings at age 40.

美國預防服務工作隊（USPSTF）現在建議，女人40歲以後，在考慮她們基本健康保健時包括乳腺癌篩查。

MISSING MAMMOGRAMS: OVER 20% OF WOMEN DON’T FOLLOW BREAST CANCER SCREENING GUIDELINES, STUDY SAYS

乳房X光檢查缺失：研究表明，超過20%的女性不遵循乳腺癌篩查指南

This change was announced in May 2023, when the recommended age was reduced from 50 to 40.

這一變化在2023年5月宣佈，建議年齡從50歲降低到40歲。

A mammogram (breast X-ray) is typically recommended every two years beginning at age 40, but this can be sooner for women with an increased risk of breast cancer, including the following groups, according to Vukasinov:

·Those with a personal or family history of breast diseases or breast or ovarian cancer

·Women who started menstruation before age 12

·Women with a known genetic mutation

·Those who have been exposed to radiation exposure

·Women with certain drug exposures and hormone therapies

根據 Vukasinov所説，乳房X光檢查（胸部X光）通常建議從40歲起每兩年一次，但是對乳腺癌高風險人羣應該更頻繁些，高風險人羣包括以下幾類：

·那些個人或者家族有乳腺疾病以及乳腺或卵巢癌症病史的人羣

·12歲前開始來月經的女人

·已知基因突變的女人

·經歷輻射的人

·接觸了某些藥物和激素治療的女人

In addition to mammograms, MRI scans of the breast are sometimes used, but medical imaging is not the only form of breast cancer screening.

除了乳房X光檢查，有時也用核磁共振對乳腺檢查，但是醫學影像不是僅有的乳腺癌篩查方式。

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“Breast self-exams are one of the simplest forms of cancer screening. It’s important to be aware of what ‘normal’ means and feels like for your own body, and to consult a doctor when something doesn’t seem right,” said Vukasinov.

Vukasinov説：“乳房自我檢查是一個簡單癌症篩查的方式，感覺你自己的身體，重要的是知道什麼是正常的，發現好像有些不對時諮詢醫生。”

Although the American Cancer Society doesn’t recommend regular clinical breast exams or breast self-exams as part of routine breast cancer screening, the organization notes on its website that “women should be familiar with how their breasts normally look and feel and should report any changes to a health care provider right away.”

儘管美國癌症協會不建議將定期臨牀乳房檢查或乳房自我檢查作為常規乳腺癌篩查的一部分，但該組織在其網站上指出，“女性應該熟悉乳房的正常外觀和感覺，如果發現任何變化，應立即向醫療服務人員報告。

Cervical cancer screenings

宮頸癌篩查

Each year in the U.S., there are about 11,500 new cases of cervical cancer, which takes the lives of 4,000 women, per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

根據疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）數據，美國每年有11500宮頸癌新病例，帶走4000女人的生命。

Not only is it possible to discover cervical cancer early using routine cancer screenings, but it can be found before it starts while it’s still in the “precancerous” stage, noted Vukasinov.

Vukasinov提示，常規癌症篩查不僅可能早發現宮頸癌，還可能在癌變前的階段，癌症沒有開始的時候就有發現。

Cervical cancer screenings are performed via a Pap test, also commonly called a Pap smear.

宮頸癌篩查通過巴氏檢測進行，通常也稱為巴氏塗片。

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During this test, the practitioner scrapes the cervix to collect cell samples, which are then sent to a lab to check for any abnormalities that could indicate cancerous or precancerous cells.

檢驗期間，專業人員在宮頸口收集細胞樣本，然後送進實驗室檢查是否有異常可以顯示出癌或癌前細胞。

“These routine tests are often performed by an OB/GYN, but many doctors’ offices and clinics can also perform them,” Vukasinov said.

Vukasinov説：“這些常規檢測通常由婦產科進行，但許多醫生辦公室和診所也可以進行。”

Cervical cancer screenings usually begin at age 21 and continue until around age 65 for most women, the doctor noted.

這個醫生指出，通常從21歲到65歲左右的大部分女性都可以做宮頸癌篩查。

Colorectal cancer screenings

結直腸癌篩查

Colorectal (colon and rectal) cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the U.S., the ACS states.

美國癌症協會 （ACS）説明，結直腸癌（結腸癌和直腸癌）是美國第三大最常見癌症。

In 2023, experts predict there will be 106,970 new cases of colon cancer and 46,050 new cases of rectal cancer.

2023年，專家預測新增106970例結腸癌患者和46050裏直腸癌患者。

These cancers usually begin with slow-growing polyps, which are small clumps of cells that collect in the colon lining.

這些癌症通常從緩慢生長的息肉開始，息肉是一小叢細胞集中在結腸內壁。

During routine cancer screenings, these polyps can be found and removed.

常規癌症篩查能發現並切除這些息肉。

The most common form of colorectal cancer screening is the colonoscopy.

最常用的結直腸癌篩查方式是結腸鏡檢查。

“A colonoscopy is generally an outpatient procedure wherein a doctor will examine the colon with a flexible instrument containing a camera,” said Vukasinov.

Vukasinov説：“結腸鏡檢查是普通的門診手術，醫生會用帶有攝像頭的柔軟設備檢查結腸。”

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“For most people, this screening begins at age 45 with a follow-up needed every five years.”

“對大多數人來説，這個篩查從45歲開始，每五年需要進行一次。”

Screenings for this type of cancer may be needed earlier or more frequently for people with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

對於結直腸癌風險增高的人員，這種癌症篩查可以更早開始，更高頻率地進行。

That includes people with:

·A personal or family history of colorectal cancer

·A history of polyps

·Inflammatory bowel diseases

·Certain known genetic conditions

這些人羣包括：

·有個人或家族結直腸癌病史

·有息肉病史

·有發炎性腸病

·某些已知的基因變異

Lung cancer screenings

肺癌篩查

Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the U.S., not counting skin cancer, the ACS website states.

美國癌症協會（ACS）網站説明，不包括皮膚癌，肺癌是美國第二大最常見癌症。

In 2023, there will be 238,340 new cases and 127,070 deaths from the disease, the ACS estimates.

美國癌症協會（ACS）預測，2023年，將有238340新病例和127070人死於此種疾病。

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Not everyone needs lung cancer screenings, but they are important for those who meet the following criteria:

·People who smoke or have quit within the last 15 years

·Those between ages 50 and 80

·People with a smoking history of 20 “pack-years” or more

不是每個人都需要肺癌篩查，但是符合下面標準的人，肺癌篩查很重要：

·過去15年吸煙的人，包括已經戒煙的

·50到80歲的人

·吸煙超過20“包年”，或者更多的人

”Pack-years" are a measurement of someone’s cigarette consumption, Vukasinov explained.

Vukasinov解釋，“包年”是個衡量某人香煙消費量的指標。

“A single pack-year means that, on average, a person smoked one pack of cigarettes per day for one year,” he said.

他説：“一包年意味着，平均而言，一個人每天吸煙一包，持續一年。”

“So, 20 pack-years could be a pack per day for 20 years, two packs per day for 10 years or half a pack per day for 40 years. This will vary for each individual, and even over that individual’s own lifetime.”

“那麼，20包年可能每天一包，吸煙20年裏，也可能是每天2包，吸煙10年，或者每天半包，吸煙40年。這樣因人而異，甚至個人的一生中，不同時段也不同。”

A special type of X-ray scan, a low-dose computed tomography (CT) scan, is used to check the lungs for signs of cancer.

一種特殊的X光檢查，低劑量計算機斷層掃描（CT），常用於檢查肺部的癌症跡象。

“As of today, this is the only recommended routine screening for lung cancer,” said Vukasinov.

Vukasinov説：“到今天為止，這是唯一推薦的肺癌常規篩查。”

Skin cancer screenings

皮膚癌篩查

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Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the U.S., with about 5.4 million cases diagnosed each year, according to the ACS.

根據美國癌症協會（ACS）數據，皮膚癌是美國最常見的癌症，大約每年診斷出5400萬病例。

Although skin cancer is often more treatable than other types, early and fast treatment is still important to improve the long-term prognosis, experts say.

專家們説，儘管皮膚癌相比其他癌症更易治療，早期快速治療對治療後的長期改善仍然重要。

“A dermatologist can help determine the best cadence for skin cancer screenings,” said Vukasinov.

Vukasinov説：“皮膚科醫生能夠幫助確定皮膚癌篩查的最好節奏。”

“This is still an active area of research, but skin cancer screenings may be especially important for people with a family history of skin cancer or with current signs of skin cancer, such as irregular or changing skin features,” he added.

他補充：“這仍然是研究的活躍領域，但是對於部分人羣皮膚癌篩查尤其重要，這些人羣包括有皮膚癌家族病史，以及現在有皮膚癌跡象的人，皮膚癌跡象指不規則或不斷變化的皮膚特徵，”

Although the ACS doesn’t have any official guidance for skin cancer screenings, many doctors recommend monthly self-checks, it says on its website.

儘管美國癌症協會（ACS） 沒有皮膚癌篩查的官方指導，但是根據其網站上的説法，許多醫生建議每月自查。

Other cancer screenings

其他癌症篩查

There are over 100 documented types of cancer, but screenings aren’t recommended for all types or for all people.

有100多種記錄的癌症類型，但是不建議對所有人進行所有類型癌症篩查。

For some types of cancer, the screenings themselves haven’t shown a health benefit or could pose more risk than the disease, according to Medical Offices of Manhattan.

根據曼哈頓醫療辦公室的意見，對某些類型癌症，篩查不能顯示出健康利益，或者可能帶來的風險超過疾病的本身。

“Certain tests could be harmful, for example, if they lead to direct complication from the procedure or lead to indirect harm through false positives or false negatives.”

“某些檢查會有傷害，例如，如果他們直接導致手術併發症，或者因為假陽性或假陰性的檢查結果導致間接傷害。”

Screenings are more widely recommended for those who have a personal or family history of a certain type of cancer.

篩查廣泛用於那些有某種癌症家族或個人病史的人。

“For anyone who’s unsure, talk to your primary care doctor,” said Vukasinov. “Share your concerns and what you hope to achieve through cancer screenings.”

“對於不確定的人，請和你的基本保健醫生談談，” Vukasinov説，“分享你的憂慮，以及你希望通過癌症篩查得到什麼。”

“Medicine continues to advance every day — and your doctor can help you navigate it to get the care you need.”

“醫學每年都在持續進步，你的醫生可以幫你得到你需要的護理。”