為什麼英國政府選擇將英國鐵路私有化而不像其他國家那樣將其國有化？_風聞

【來源龍騰網】

評論原創翻譯：

Nicholas Stone

A succession of UK governments have variously nationalised and privatised British railways.

歷屆英國政府在不同時間採取了國有化和私有化的方式對英國的鐵路進行管理。

In 1914, the UK government took control of railways. After the 1921 government reform, there was nationalisation 1947. Another programme of nationalisation began in 2014 with Network Rail and was completed in 2020, when all remaining private passenger franchise were scrapped.

1914年，英國政府接管了鐵路。在1921年的政府改革後，於1947年進行了一次國有化。2014年，英國政府開始了一項以網絡鐵路為核心的國企國有化計劃，並於2020年完成，取消了所有剩餘的私營客運特許經營權。

原創翻譯：龍騰網 https://www.ltaaa.cn 轉載請註明出處

The UK government chose to privatise the railways in 1923, as enacted by the Railways Act 1921. Privatisation with four regional operators was the government’s preferred policy, with concerns that existing nationalisation was leading to poor management. The UK government undertook a second privatisation in 1994, because ministers thought that commercial input would lead to cost reduction and better use of assets.

英國政府選擇在1923年進行鐵路私有化，這一決定由1921年的鐵路法案實施。政府傾向於通過四家地區運營商進行私有化，原因是擔心現有的國有化形式導致管理不善。英國政府在1994年進行了第二次私有化，因為政府認為商業參與可以降低成本並更好地利用資產。

The big four were the privatised railway companies created by the UK government in 1923, after nine years of nationalisation. These companies existed until 1947, when the railway were again nationalised.

四大鐵路公司是英國政府在經歷了9年的國有化後，於1923年創建的私有化鐵路公司。這些公司一直存在到1947年，當時鐵路再次國有化。

The second period UK rail privatisation between 1994–2014 has been a dead loss. Private companies botched their finances and were nationalised. The Covid pandemic rendered the entire privatisation model as unworkable. Railtrack cost overruns bankrupted the company in 2000.

1994年至2014年之間的第二階段英國鐵路私有化失敗了。私人公司搞砸了它們的財務狀況，最終被國有化。新冠疫情使整個私有化模式不可行。2000年，Railtrack鐵路的成本超支導致該公司破產。

Overlooked is the parallel and failed bus deregulation launched by government in 1985. Another dead loss with rising ticket prices, needless duplication, poor passenger wayfinding, a focus on profitable trunk routes, complex fares, incoherent service provision, and falling passenger numbers outside London. This failed bus deregulation was scrapped and is being replaces with a nationwide fares cap in England, more local authority control, unified timetables and improve passenger wayfinding. On this, Cornwall, Greater Manchester and Greater London are leading the way.

被忽視的是政府在1985年啓動的平行且失敗的公交車放權。這也是一個徹底失利，票價上漲、重複運營、乘客導向不佳、關注利潤豐厚的幹線路線、複雜的票價、無條理的服務提供和倫敦以外的乘客數量下降。這個失敗的公交車放權計劃被取消，正在用英格蘭全國範圍內的票價上限、更多地方政府控制、統一時刻表和改善乘客導向來替代。在這方面，康沃爾、大曼徹斯特和大倫敦正在帶頭。

Philip Collins

The UK railway companies weren’t nationalised in 1914. Using powers granted to the government by the Regulation of the Forces Act 1871, the Railway Executive Committee took control of the national rail network on 4 August 1914, the day that war was declared and mobilisation began. The Railway Executive Committee (REC) had been formed in 1912 to act as an intermediary between the War Office and the various British railway companies.

英國鐵路公司並沒有在1914年進行國有化。根據《1871年軍隊管理法》所授予的權力，鐵路執行委員會於1914年8月4日，即宣佈戰爭並開始動員的那一天，接管了國家鐵路網絡。鐵路執行委員會（REC）成立於1912年，旨在充當英國戰爭部和各大鐵路公司之間的中間人。

REC control lasted from 1914 to 1921 when it was returned to the private companies that had existed in 1914. The Railways Act 1921 led to the amalgamation of those companies into the “Big Four” companies from 1st Jan 1923.

REC的控制持續了從1914年到1921年，當時控制權被歸還給1914年存在的私營公司。1921年的鐵路法案導致這些公司合併成為“四大公司”，自1923年1月1日起生效。

Brian James Fretwell

They said that competition would put prices down, but they had closed lines that duplicated routes in the 1950 and 1960 so there was no real scope for competiton. That meant THAT didn’t work either.

他們曾經説過競爭會降低價格，但他們在20世紀50年代和60年代關閉了重複路線的鐵路，因此並沒有真正的競爭空間。這意味着這種做法也沒有奏效。

David Chambers

What I often wonder is when British railways were being rebuilt after WW2 why were some mainlines such as the London - Glasgow and Crewe - Holyhead lines not rebuilt to the Berne loading gauge? This could have been accomplished with electrification of the former.

Otherwise there is much to be appreciated with British Railways such the development of mark 2 and mark 3 carriages. It was a pity that BR could not order Electro Motive diesels which would have revolutionised operations.

我常常想知道的是，二戰後重建英國鐵路時，為什麼一些主幹線如倫敦-格拉斯哥和克魯-霍利黑德線沒有按照伯爾尼限界進行重建呢？這可以通過對前者進行電氣化來實現。 除此之外，英國鐵路還有很多值得讚賞的地方，比如開發了二型和三型客車。可惜的是，英國鐵路無法訂購革命性的電力柴油機車。

Colin Riegels

You have to cast your mind back to the 1980s. Back then the UK government had enjoyed a lot of success with privatisation - it enabled them to sell off underperforming state assets to the private sector, who could run them better and more cheaply, and pay the Treasury for the privilege which funded tax cuts. The first few privatisations went very well indeed. The excerpt below is from the Harvard Business Review in 1992.[1]

你需要回到20世紀80年代。當時英國政府通過私有化取得了很多成功，這使他們能夠將表現不佳的國有資產出售給私人部門，私人部門能夠更好地運營這些資產，並支付給財政部門以獲得特權，從而支持減税政策。前幾次私有化非常成功。下面這段摘自1992年的哈佛商業評論。